QTL mapping of soybean quality traits can provide a theoretical basis for molecular hybridization breeding. In this study, 113 genetic pairs of SSR primers with polymorphism were used to construct a genetic linkage map with a total length of 1630.95 cM and an average genetic distance of 14.43 cM, covering 19 soybean linkage groups (except B2) of 142 lines of advanced backcross introgression population BC2F7 derived from soybean ‘Zhonghuang 13’ (recurrent parent) × ‘Dongshan 69’ (donor parent). Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) and gas chromatography (GC) were used to determine the contents of protein, fat and five major fatty acids in soybean. A total of 33 QTLs were identified using ICIM-ADD in two years. The number of mapped QTL were 5, 2, 6, 11, 4, 3, and 3 for protein (PR), fat (OIL), stearic acid (SA), palmitic acid (PA), linoleic acid (LA), oleic acid (OA), and linolenic acid (LNA), respectively. Sat_003 - Sat_147 were negatively correlated with OA in the two years. Satt523 - Sat_405 were correlated with PA and PR. Staga001 -Satt658 and Satt263 - Satt651 were correlated with OA and SA. Satt228 - att525 were correlated with LA and PR. Satt658 - Satt433 were correlated with LNA and SA. The mapping results have clarified the correlation of quality traits to a certain extent, and have reference significance for the selection of excellent varieties in soybean molecular breeding.