China is the origin center of the Genus Fagopyrum Mill. and hosts the most abundant wild buckwheat germplasm resources in the world. This paper reviews the phylogenetic relationship and taxonomic status of the genus Fagopyrum Mill as well as discusses their origin and phylogenetic development. Meanwhile, we have introduced the main characteristics and utilization value of some important wild species, and have summarized the distribution, collection and preservation, as well as the variation of main agronomic traits and the evaluation of nutritional quality. Moreover, we have proposed suggestions for the incomplete survey, inadequate protection and insufficient utilization of wild buckwheat resources as follows: (1) Investigating the wild buckwheat germplasm resources, taking measures for in-situ conservation and establishment of resource nursery. (2) Establishing an identification and evaluation system and building up a database of cultivated and wild buckwheat germplasm resources. (3) Promoting the systematic development and innovative utilization of wild buckwheat resources, improving the adaptability, stability and high yield of cultivated buckwheat beneficial for breeding. (4) Analyzing the genomic variations of wild species and landraces and identifying the genetic loci underlying important agronomic characters, nutritional quality and abiotic stress responses, in order to improve the innovation efficiency of elite buckwheat.