As a sub-action of the Third National Survey and Collection of Crop Germplasm Resources, we have carried out the survey and collection of vegetable germplasm in 402 villages of 27 selected counties (or cities or districts) in Jiangxi Province. A total of 1817 vegetable accessions have been collected. The analysis of the geographic distribution and specificity of the collected local vegetable accessions suggested 10 elite accessions with elite traits on the disease resistance, stress resistance, commercial properties, and/or processing flexibility. Moreover, by testing for the disease resistance against F. oxysporum using artificial root-soaking inoculation approach, three bitter gourd accessions with high wilt-resistance have been identified. Collectively, gained from the collection and evaluation of vegetable accessions, this work will provide the vegetable germplasm resource valuable in breeding for new varieties and in theoretical studies.