In this study, the genetic diversity of 288 domestic and foreign pea germplasm resources were analyzed by SSR technique, which provided a basis for comprehensive evaluation of domestic and foreign pea germplasm resources and the utilization of elite genes. The results showed that 153 alleles were amplified by 24 pairs of SSR primers, with an average of 6.38 alleles per primer. Among them, the effective alleles accounted for 37.48%, the Shannon’s index averaged 0.9432, and the polymorphism information content (PIC) of the tested primers was 0.4331. The genetic diversity index of Asian pea germplasm was 0.4638, while that of Africa was 0.3480. This indicated that the genetic variation of pea germplasm resources in Asia was the most abundant, while that in Africa was relatively narrow. The intercontinental cluster analysis showed that there were obvious regional distribution rules among the pea germplasm resources in Asia, Europe, America, Oceania, Africa and the Russian Federation, which could be divided into two groups. In group I, there were two subgroups. The genetic distance between Europe and America was the closest (0.922), followed by Asia and Africa (1.425), and the genetic distance between Oceania and other continents was the longest at 2.958. These pea germplasm resources with high genetic diversity could provide rich genetic materials for breeding and cultivar improvement.