Southwestern China is internationally recognized as the origin of Fagopyrum Mill.，and its complex geographical environment and diverse climate types breed abundant wild buckwheat resources. Due to the similar ecological environment and climate，there are also a large number of wild buckwheat in some northwestern regions，contributing to a famous ethnic plant resource group with regional characteristics，which is an important basis for modern buckwheat breeding in China. In order to find out the distribution status of wild buckwheat in China and rescue the collection of wild buckwheat germplasm resources，the national survey and collection of wild buckwheat resources has been carried out since 2016 and 1014 wild buckwheat germplasm resources were collected in 6 provinces（autonomous regions） containing 42 counties（cities，districts） of western China. The phenotypic identification was performed and the classification of Fagopyrum in China was revised. The results showed that our collection included 21 species of Fagopyrum Mill.，containing a new species Fagopyrum longistylum. There are abundant genetic diversity among different wild buckwheat species，and many rare wild buckwheat species have unique character variation or excellent quality. These rare germplasm resources contain valuable gene pool，which provides valuable material basis for the yield and quality improvement of buckwheat. This study is of great significance not only to promote the classification and evolution of buckwheat， but also in crop genetic breeding，high-quality gene exploration and plant resource protection.