Under the frame of “the Third National Campaign of Crop Germplasm Census and Collection”, 87 hyacinth bean landraces were collected from 29 counties in Jiangsu province from 2016 to 2019, followed by the genetic diversity analysis based on the phenotypic variations of 19 traits and the genotyping outcome using 39 SSR markers. The abundant phenotypic diversity was observed showing the diversity index of 12 morphological traits ranged from 0.4773 to 1.3695, and that of 7 agronomic traits ranged from 1.8064 to 2.0260. These landraces were divided into four genetic groups by cluster analysis. Levels of phenotypic variation were revealed in each cluster, and the performance of the yield-related traits in landraces in cluster IV was superior. Twelve elite hyacinth bean landraces showing early maturity, high yield and larger seed were selected. Taken together, this study unlocked the genetic diversity of hyacinth bean landraces in Jiangsu province, which provided insights for the germplasm innovation and breeding for new varieties in hyacinth bean.