Sugar beet is a widely-cultivated sugar-producing crop with vital significance in the sugar industry. Unlocking its germplasm resource might provide elite parental lines applicable for Sugar beet breeding. In this research, the diversity on five quality traits, 18 agronomic traits and three resistance traits in 205 Sugar beet germplasm accessions collected from Northeast China were analyzed, followed by the correlation, principal component and cluster analysis. The correlations between the quality traits of Sugar beet were observed, and the coefficient of variation varied from 6.104%-33.830% (i.e. the coefficient of variation of sodium content was the largest). Moreover, the diversity analysis of 18 agronomic showed abundant genetic variation, and a variation coefficient of over 30% at leaf traits was observed. Furthermore, we deployed the concept of recoverable sucrose content to evaluate the quality of Sugar beet, and used it to compare and screen with root yield and impurity index, thereby obtaining 12 high-yield varieties with high-quality. In addition, through cluster analysis and principal component analysis of the agronomic traits, the germplasm tested was divided into four categories according to traits, and six principal components explaining the meaning of traits were obtained. The results showed that the variation coefficients of leaf traits were all over 30%. Besides, principal component analysis showed that the contribution rates of the first 6 components reached 62.50%. Among them, The first principal component is mainly related to the growth factor of Sugar beet, the second principal component is mainly related to the young plant biomass factor of Sugar beet, the third principal component is mainly related to the traits of Sugar beet roots, and the fourth principal component is mainly related to the growth and development of them, the fifth principal component is mainly related to Sugar beets’ marker traits, and the sixth principal component is mainly related to the nutrient transport factors. Then, the cluster analysis revealed that groups 2 represented by 94211 and T30BDXIJ had the high 100-seed weight of young plants, large number of vascular bundles, mixed colors of hypocotyls, and thick petioles, which means they were the germplasm resources with excellent traits and could be used as a high-quality material for improving sugar beet biomass traits. The germplasm was classified for resistance according to the disease index in order to screen the comprehensive disease-resistant varieties. Based on the disease index, five germplasms with high resistance to spot disease and root rot resistance (8216M152, H1352, F86421, 7909, H133) were screened out. The identified high-quality germplasm are valuable and laythe foundation for future breeding high-yield and disease-resistant varieties.