Crop germplasm are the material basis for promoting the innovation of modern seed industry， the “chip” for stimulating the high-quality development of agriculture，and the strategic resources for ensuring national food security，building ecological civilization and maintaining biodiversity. Effective management of germplasm is an important part of their safety protection and efficient utilization. This study analyzed the management system as well as the protection and utilization system of crop germplasm from international organizations such as the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization，the United Nations Environment Programme and the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants，and introduced the current status of laws and regulations as well as financial support and operation mechanism for germplasm resources， taking the United States，Japan，Brazil and India as examples；introduced the three development stages，including the government-led stage，the technical department responsible stage under the administrative guidance as well as the legal management stage，of germplasm resources management in our country，and expounded the domestic current management system，operation system and guarantee mechanism of germplasms；put suggestions on the key work of national germplasm management in the future to promote the protection and utilization of germplasm resources，combining with the development status and trend of domestic and foreign germplasm management and learning from the good practices of international germplasm resources management.