The identification and evaluation is an important research subject in the protection and utilization of germplasm resources. Wheat landraces from the western region of Yunnan province， P.R. China， were known with various types and abundant diversity. Analysis of their genetic diversity is of significance to accelerate their breeding utilization rate. In this study， 65 SSR markers were used to analyze the genetic polymorphism of 186 wheat landraces from the western region of Yunnan. A total of 407 alleles were detected， with an average of 6.26. The total of the major allele frequency was 36.1077， with an average of 0.5555. The total of gene diversity index was 37.5473， with an average of 0.5777. The total of polymorphism information content （PIC） was 34.9924， the average was 0.5383， the range were from 0.146 to 0.835， and the polymorphism reached high level （PIC ≥0.5）. Among subgenomes A， B and D， the average value of gene diversity index from high to low were B > A > D. Among the 7 homologous groups， the average value of gene diversity index ranged were from 0.5202 to 0.6508. the fourth homologous groups were the highest， and the seventh homologous groups were the lowest. Cluster analysis had showed two groups， of which in group I five samples expect a hulled hexaploid wheat landrace are tetraploid wheat， and in group Ⅱ 181 samples were hexaploid wheat. In group II， the landraces were clustered into subgroups mainly being coincidence with the geographical sources such as Lincang， Baoshan and Dali. The results of principal component analysis were consistent with those of cluster analysis. These results indicated that wheat landraces from the western region of Yunnan province had possessed high genetic diversity and were valuable gene bank for wheat breeding and improvement in future.