To provide reference on genes exploration in chestnut， this study investigated the genetic diversity of 17 soluble sugar related traits in 121 chestnut germplasm resources collected from ten provinces in P. R. China. The contents were quantified by the HPLC method， followed by genetic variation， Shannon-weaver index diversity analysis， principal component analysis and cluster analysis. The result showed that： （1） The soluble sugar related traits in samples had abundant phenotypic diversity. The average variation coefficient and average diversity index were 20.57% and 1.89， respectively. The differences on genetic variation and genetic diversity in samples from different regions were observed. In samples from Shaanxi province， the variation degree was the highest， with the coefficient of variation of 20.73%， and the samples from Hebei province showed the highest genetic diversity， with the diversity index of 1.88. The genetic variation and diversity level in samples from Anhui province were the lowest， with the coefficient of variation and diversity index of 12.27 % and 0.97， respectively. （2） Except sucrose content， fructose content， mannitol content and the sum of measured sugars（Total content of sucrose， maltose， stachyose， fructose， mannitol and sorbito）， significant differences among populations in remaining traits were observed. The soluble solids content， total soluble sugar content， maltose ratio， stachyose content， stachyose ratio， sorbitol content and sorbitol ratio were extremely significant differences among populations. There were rich variations and high diversity among different regions. （3） The differentiation coefficient of 17 traits between populations was 13.41 %， and that within populations was 86.59 %， indicating that the variations on these traits was mainly attributed by intra-population diversity. （4） Principal component analysis showed that the contribution rate of the first principal component was 30.609%， severing as a comprehensive evaluation index of chestnut fruit sweetness and taste. The main feature vectors were soluble total sugar content （0.708）， sucrose content （0.619）， sucrose / Total soluble sugar （0.921）， maltose / Total soluble sugar （0.623）， stachyose / Total soluble sugar （0.664）， the sum of measured sugars （0.647） and sum of measured sugars/ Total soluble sugar （0.951）.（5） Cluster analysis suggested 2 groups of 121 germplasm resources， being correlated with the geographical collection information.