Abstract: Based on the farmers'' cognition and survey data, this article analyzed the Shaanxi excellent resources, which from the third national-wide agricultural germplasm survey. It was found that the crop types were mainly vegetables crops and fruit, followed by food crops, and the crop species were mainly common bulk crops. The mainly characteristics are excellent quality, good appearance and strong adaptability. Among the excellent traits, taste traits are the most concerned by farmers, followed by appearance and resistance. The distribution of fruit crops and vegetables is more in Guanzhong region, and food crops is more in southern Shaanxi region. The distribution of crop species is influenced by both natural and human environment. Farmers'' cognition can truly reflect farmers'' subjective needs, selection results, and selection strategies or experiences. It is found that high quality is the main demand for farmers'' preserving resources, followed by appearance and adaptability factors. The direction of selection may be to solve prominent problems, and on this basis, other needs should be taken into account.Priority is give to quality, appearance and adaptability needs, which makes the main needs and corresponding main excellent traits and secondary needs and their excellent traits have a greater correlation. The role of artificial selection is obvious.Therefore, the formation of Shaanxi resources is influenced by both natural and artificial selection, and the natural environment makes the result of artificial selection results rich and colorful, but under the leading role of artificial selection, excellent germplasm resources with Shaanxi characteristics are finally formed. The protection and utilization of Shaanxi excellent resource should fully consider the characteristics of resource distribution,focus on exploitation of resource value,and gradually improve the resource protection and utilization system through establishing reasonable benefit mechanisms and management mechanisms.