Based on the farmers' cognition and survey data， this article analyzed the Shaanxi excellent germplasm resources， which collected from the “Third National Survey and Collection of Crop Germplasm Resources”. These germplasm resources are mainly common bulk crops， with the highest number of vegetables crops and fruit， followed by grain crops. The characteristics of these superior resources are mainly high-quality， good appearance and strong adaptability， while taste is the most important quality trait concerned by farmers， followed by appearance and resistance. The distribution of crops is characterized by a higher concentration of fruit crops and vegetables in Guanzhong region and a greater amount of grain crops in southern Shaanxi region. The distribution pattern is influenced by both natural and human environments. Farmers' cognition can truly reflect farmers' subjective needs， choices of direction， and selection strategies or experiences. High quality is the main demand for farmers to retain resources， followed by appearance and adaptability factors. The selection direction is mainly to solve prominent problems， while taking into account other needs， leading to a significant correlation between main needs and their corresponding main superior traits， and secondary needs and their corresponding superior traits， with obvious signs of artificial selection. While the formation of excellent resources in Shaanxi province are influenced by the natural environment， artificial selection has made them more rich and colorful. The protection and utilization of Shaanxi excellent resources should fully consider the characteristics of resource distribution， focus on exploitation of resource value， and gradually improve the system of resource protection and utilization through establishing reasonable benefit mechanisms and management mechanisms.