Abstract:China is regarded by agronomists and botanists as a very important center of origin of numerous cultivated plants. N.I.Vavilov (1935), Pu Muhua (1983) and Society of Crop Genetic Resources of Chinese Association of Agricultural Science Societies (1994) listed 136, 237 and 290 crops originated in China, respectively. In this paper, 420 crops involving 553 species are found originated in China, which can be classified into eight groups: food crops, economic crops, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage and manune crops, flower crops, medicinal crops and forest crops.This is very important to study crop germplasms and to protect biology varieties, it’s a support to protect policy of biology varieties for China.

Abstract:The genetic diversity and correlation of twelve botanical characters were assessed in watermelon genetic resources in National Mid-term Genebank for Watermelon & Melon.The result of genetic diversity showed that：All botanical characters tested showed diversity indexes ranging from 1.02（fruit shape） to 2.37（1000-seed-weight） with an average of 1.70.The frequency distributions of botanical characters such as ground color of fruit surface, over color of fruit surface, flesh color, fruit weight, soluble solid content at center flesh, 1000-Seed-weight were dispersed. Variation coefficient of quantitative characters for average was 31.8. Variation range was 1-3 times greater than the average. The result of genetic correlation showed that：fruit shape and fruit ratio，flesh color and soluble solid content at center flesh，flesh color and 1000-Seed-weight，fruit rind thickness and fruit rind hardness was significantly related. 1000-seed-weight and soluble solid content at center flesh, fruit weight and fruit rind thickness, fruit weight and fruit rind hardness, over color of fruit surface and over color pattern of fruit surface was significantly related.

Abstract:Effective identification of duplicates in germplasm collections will be important for improving the efficiency of the conservation. This study was to identify possible duplicates from 60 samples of oat germplasm newly collected in four counties of Qinghai province in order to determining the accessions for cataloguing and conservation. By analyzing the names and the sources of the collections, evaluating the variation and similarity of morphological traits, and assessing genetic diversity and redundancy with molecular markers, it showed that these oat collections had different sources, unique characteristics and high genetic diversity, with high potential for conservation and use. However, it was found that many samples have the same names and some samples have high genetic similarity. Therefore, there might be genetic redundancy in the collections and a few possible duplicates were identified, i.e. “White Oat (1083)” vs. “White Oat (1093)”, “Oat (1225)” vs. “Large Oat (1226)”. This study will be a useful reference for germplasm curators to effectively identify duplicates and improve the conservation efficiency.

Abstract:In order to investigate genetic diversity of albuminous loci, 101 genotypes of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) were analyzed by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). A total of 2625 protein bands were detected in tested genotypes. Except common bands, the protein bands of 92KDa, 75KDa, 62KDa, 40KDa, 34KDa, 17KDa and 13KDa presented the highest frequencies of 92.08%, 90.10%, 99.01%, 95.05%, 95.05%, 98.02% and 95.05% respectively. The other 29 polymorphic protein bands showed higher polymorphism with 16.09 polymorphic bands in average. Each genotype had 21～31 albumin bands, with an average of 25.99. The genetic similarity (GS) of the tested genotypes varied from 0.6111 to 0.9722, with an average of 0.7122. The genetic diversity index within group (Hgroup=0.9879) was much higher than that among groups (Hbetween=0.0121) , which indicated the main variation of albumin occurred within populations. Cluster analysis divided the accessions into six major clusters, which somehow coincided with systematic classification of faba bean in previous studies of genetic resources. The research results provided reference to faba bean breeding on protein qualities.

Abstract:100 inbred lines, including 50 normal oil corn (NOC) and 50 high oil corn (HOC) inbred lines were identified and evaluated on four stalk quality traits such as, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), the water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) and crude protein (CP). The technique of near infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (NIDRS) were used to determine these values? The results showed that every quality trait had highly significant variation, the coefficient of variation (CV) of WSC was the highest (34.23%) . The correlation analysis among quality traits of inbred lines showed that WSC had a significant negative correlation with NDF and ADF at P<0.01, and NDF had a significant positive correlation with ADFCP at P<0?01. WSC and CP of HOC were higher than those of NOC, ADF and NDF were lower than those of NOC. In general, the stalk quality of HOC was superior to those of NOC obviously.

Abstract:10 sorghum strains germinated under 0, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8% NaCl solution stress, the salt injury was evaluated with the injury of salt to the rate of germination, root length, the number of lateral roots, the duration of 1 / 2 leaf wilting and of the entire leaf wilting. Based on the changes of the above six indicators, the system of each index score for each indicator were developed. The salt tolerance of each sorghum strain was evaluated according to the total scores based on each indicator. A set salt-tolerant evaluation criteria was developed to evaluate salt tolerance. According to the degree of salt tolerance, these strains were divided into four levels. Five materials with different salt-tolerance from the ten sorghum strains were chosen to identify the salt tolerance with planting in saline soils contain 0.5% and 0.7% salt respectively in pots to verify the criteria. The results showed that the evaluation criteria was consistent with the test in pot, which confirmed the evaluation method used in the screening tolerant sorghum are reliable. Two high salt-tolerance sorghum strains, HN-1 and NS-1 were screened with this method.

Abstract:In order to identify high-anthocyanidin germplasm resources with high production and good quality, and develop new health product in tea processing and deep processing areas in the future, weight of 100 buds, colour and different composition of new shoots were investigated and analyzed systematically among 11 new tea germplasms with reddishviolet shoots. The results showed that 11 strains were much branched, moderate weight of 100 buds and had high yield potential; the reddish purple of shoots was correlated positively with the content of anthocyanidin, but not related to tea polyphenols, catechin, caffeine, or free amino acids, and it was; the leafcolour of all varieties was darkest in summer, except “HY-5” and “HY-8” were darkest in autumn. These results suggested that the leafcolour and the anthocyanidin content of reddishviolet shoots were controlled by environment and inherent factors concurrently.

Abstract:The genetic relationship of M. ruthenica populations were analyzed from seven provinces of China by ISSR marker. 16 primers with strong polymorphism and good repeatability were screened from 80 ISSR primers. Amplification of 44 populations M. ruthenica genomic DNA ,133 bands were amplified, an average of each primer amplified 8.31 bands, of which (115 bands)87.08% were polymorphic. The genetic dissimilarity coefficients of M.ruthenica germplasm ranged from 0.436 to 0.908. 44 populations M. ruthenica germplasm were divided into eight groups with the higher correlation of geography resource by UPGMA cluster analysis.

Abstract:Total 2640 vegetabale germplasms belong to 11 types and were collected from the tridimensional ecological environments and specific multiethnic habitats of Yunnan. The genetic diversity and performance in different climates and temperatures were analyzed, the results indicate: 1) the diversity of 11 types of vegetable resources is beans > leaf vegetables > solanaceous vegetables > mustard > Chinese cabbage vegetables > gourd vegetables > root vegetables > aquatic vegetables > Brassica vegetables > tuber vegetables > onion and leeks vegetables, 2) the enrichment regions of vegetable resources diversity were distributed in all the province, but the central of Yunnan is the most concentrated region and subtropical zone is most suited for diversity enrichment, 3) the regions with the temperature range from 14℃ to 15℃ were the most enrichment regions of vegetable resources diversity and 14-15℃ is also the critical point of diversity fluctuation.

Abstract:The purpose of this study was to reveal the change of population structure and genetic diversity of wheat germplasm in the process of regeneration and to provide a scientific basis for the collection and conservation of wheat germplasm resources，so as to conserve and utilize the resources more efficiently． Nine agronomic traits were investigated and 35 pairs of microsatellite markers associated with agronomic traits were used to analyze 6 ac- cessions from three wheat varieties，each of the varieties was stored both in the long-term genebank and the mid-term genebank respectively． Population structure and genetic diversity within wheat accessions composed of 30 individual and between two types of conservation were analyzed by agronomic traits and SSR marker． It showed that ( 1) All of three wheat varieties was heterogeneity accession，genetic heterogeneity among individuals was different at the SSR locus with 57． 14% ，48． 57% and 5． 71% respectively． ( 2) The regeneration wheat accessions ( mid-term gene- bank) displayed similar performance in morphological，only plant height and number of spikelets significantly in- creased in wenquanxiaomai3． ( 3) Allele gene frequencies was significantly different and allele absence was ob- served at eight microsatellite sites which was associated with grain weight，grain yield and heading date，genetic diversity reduced after regeneration． ( 4) The analysis of agronomic traits and molecular markers all showed that there was no significant different between the long-term genebank and the mid-term genebank in diversity． The Gst value of three varieties was 0． 0269，0． 0324 and 0． 0380 respectively，only 2． 69% ，3． 24% and 3． 80% differences existed between accessions from the two types of conservation． It suggested that the danger of the loss of genetic in- tegrity exists after regeneration，300 individual should be maintained at least to ensure the genetic integrity in re- generation．

Abstract:The study had analysed the Shannon-Weaver and Simpson of phenotypic traits including plant type, presence or absence of hair, grain color, grain shape , leaf shape, habit of growth, flowering habit, particle size, particle color on 75 peanut cultivars（28 identified cultivars and 47 local cultivars）from Institute of Industrial Crops, Shanxi Academy of Agricultral Science . Results showed that genetic diversity index of 75 peanut cultivars were SWI = 0.924,SI = 0.500 respectively, flowering habit was the lowest (SWI= 0.139, SI = 0.014), while Shannon-Weaver of grain color was 1.841 that was the highest, and Simpson was 0.712 . Then 48 pairs SSR markers of peanut were used to analyse genetic diversity of the tested materials, the results were as follows:(1)35 out of 48 pairs SSR markers (72.9%) were polymorphic, and 215 polymorphic bands had been detected, 6 polymorphic bands could be detected by each marker averagely.(2) Based on the results of SSR, indicated that the genetic similarity (GS) among 75 peanut cultivars were in a range of 0.25～0.85, with the mean of 0.55, and the average genetic similarity among the 28 identified cultivars were 0.6 with a range of 0.39～0.85 .

Abstract:Pricipal components analysis was conducted in 867 cultivated varieties from grape resources repository at Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute of CAAS based on 47 phenotypic charactericses. The software of DPS3.01 was employed to standardize the data set and the germplasm were primarily selected with euclidean distance and ward method. Grouping and gradually cluster were used in this paper, each group 124, 170, 205 and 252 varieties were respectively obtained when the germplasm were sampled by square root strategy and ratio at 15%、20%、25% and 30% with the method of group-dividing and stepwise clustering. The representative of primary core collection was tested by using genetic diversity index, reserving phenotypes of characterics. One hundred of twenty-four varieties of grape primary core collection represent 96% of the whole germplasm when the germplasm was divided based on types and further sampled at ratio of 15% with the method of square root strategy in subgroup. The results showed that the primary core collection could well represent the genetic diversities of the whole collection．

Abstract:Classification of cauliflower resource was useful for heterosis and hybridization selection. 54 cauliflower inbred lines were analyzed with statistical methods of cluster analysis and the principal component analysis (PCA). The PCA results showed that, the six eigenvalues of cumulative variance proportion 70.024% were selected for evaluation of inbred line of cauliflower; Days to curd appearing, days to curd harvesting, leaf length, leaf width, plant height, lengthways diameter of curd, transverse diameter of curd, curd weight, curd shape, tight degree, leaf color, wax powder, leaf number inside, days to flowering and plant extent were morphological characteristics for parents screening. By cluster analysis under the results of PCA, 54 cauliflower inbreed lines were classified into 3 clusters. Characters of clusterⅠwere early maturity, little plant extent, narrow leaf with less wax, moderate weight and tight degree of curd; Cluster Ⅱ had the characters of middle maturity, moderate plant extent, sage green leaves with thick wax, and weighty curd with tight semicircular; Cluster Ⅲ was type of late maturity, high stalk, large plant extent, more length and width leaves with moderate wax, and oblate curd. Three clusters had obvious feature, so that it would be helpful for parent materials selection in breeding.

Abstract:Low phosphorus (P) availability in soil and consequent P-deficiency represent the major constraint to plant production and quality improving in many countries. Selecting or developing new plant germplasms or varieties that are better adapted to low soil P conditions through the modern transgenic breeding approach may provide a new opportunity to improve the efficiency of phosphorus by plants. Recently, many molecular biology labs have identified hundreds of genes associated with plant phosphorus metabolic pathway. But only a few were used in plant transgenic breeding and the research progress were very laggardly. The reasons may be related to the unclear gene functions, different gene types and the collaboration problems between breeding and molecular biology researchers. In this review, we summarized the research progress of phosphorus metabolism related candidate genes in plant, and the gene types were also analyzed. More important in this paper is that the functions and latent values of all these genes related to phosphorus-metabolism were pointed out and concluded. So it is significant to offer some useful genes to plant transgenic breeding with high P-efficiency, and also very important to understand the molecular mechanisms of P-efficiency in plant.

Abstract:Chromosomal segment introgression or substitution lines (CSILs or CSSLs) are defined as a set of lines each of which contains only one or few chromosomal segment from the donor and genetic background of each line is similar to receptor. Compared with the traditional mapping populations, the CSILs might have an advantage for identifying of quantitative trait locus (QTL) due to eliminating of residual background which can lead to decrease power of QTL detecting. Therefore, population of CSILs is one of the ideal materials for QTL identifying and fine mapping, assay of QTL interaction and QTL × environment interaction, as well as for heterosis utilization and QTL pyramiding. In this paper, the advanced progresses on the construction and application of CSIL population in crop plants were reviewed.

Abstract:The experiment was conducted in two nitrogen treatments: one is with high nitrogen application; the other is without nitrogen supply. The indexes coming from leaf SPAD-value was used to evaluate leaf color and nitrogen sensitivity of rice among 146 genotypes before heading stage. All the tested genotypes were divided into 4 types according to their leaf SPAD-value. Type I of 19 genotypes had lower SPAD-value and lower nitrogen sensitivity. Type II of 20 genotypes had deeper leaf color and is also insensitive to nitrogen. Type III and IV included 20 and 11 genotypes of higher nitrogen sensitivity with lower and higher SPAD-value, respectively.

Abstract:Dehydration responsive element binding (DREB) proteins are important transcription factors and play an important role in plant stress response and signal transduction. In this study, with Salicornia bigelovii Torr’s genomic DNA as the template, a genetic fragment coding for the conserved AP2 domain of a DREB-like protein was isolated by using PCR technology. Whith the primers designed on the basis of the genetic fragment sequence, a full-length cDNA, termed as SbDREB (GenBank accession number : JF894301 ), was cloned using its salt-treated stem cDNA as the template and by applying rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) methods. SbDREB contained an open reading frame (ORF) of 1,206 bp long encoding 284 amino acids residues and was classified into BREB A-6 group of DREB protein based on phylogenetic analysis. The alignment analysis with other homologous sequences from higher plants indicated that the predicted protein sequence contained a typical AP2/ EREBP DNA-binding domain near the N-terminal region and shared high homology with other proteins within theAP2/ EREBP domain. Quantitative real-time PCR (QRT-PCR) experiments showed that expression level of SbDREB was up-regulated after treatment by high salt, dehydration and the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) ,whicle down-regulated by low temperature. These results suggested that SbDREB may play an essential role as a DREB transcription factor in regulation of abiotic stress-responsive signaling in S. bigelovii Torr..

Abstract:Molecular detection was performed by SSR technique for 10 rice variant lines treated by embryo-soaking of Alternanthera philoxeroides DNA solution. The result showed that partial DNA segments of Alternanthera philoxeroides have been transferred into 10 rice variant lines. Based on the molecular evidence, Drought resistance evaluation were further studied using 8 rice variant lines and 2 control varieties in the study, designed by split-plot and analyzed by many statistic methods such as principal component analysis and regression analysis step by step. The results showed that combination the comprehensive evaluation index with drought resistance index could improve the reliability of evaluation for drought tolerance in rice. Cluster analysis based on the two indexes indicated that variant line H8 was the most drought-resistant and H6 and H7 were more drought-resistant than IAPAR9. These results will be important for breeding drought-resistant rice varieties and evaluating drought resistance.

Abstract:Malnutrion of iron（Fe）and zinc (Zn) minerals has been one of the most essential causes of harm to human health.Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the important staple crops as the resources of both foods and minerals. However, low content of Fe and Zn in wheat grains has caused great concerns to international scientists. Breeding of new wheat cultivars, which are rich in mineral content, is regarded as the most economical and sustainable approach to overcome mineral malnutrition. In this paper, current researches on the genetic difference, influence factors and the molecular mechanism of micronutrient enrichment were reviewed. Additionally，the perspective of research on wheat Fe and Zn quality was outlined．

Abstract:Genetic diversity of 3 populations of Staphylea bumalda that sampled from Hubei, Anhui and Henan was detected by employing amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. 489 clear bands were amplified with 4 pairs of primer and 460 (93.99%) of them were polymorphic. Nei’s gene diversity and Shannon’s information index ranged from 0.1920 to 0.2046 and from 0.2937 to 0.3151, respectively. The highest population genetic diversity was Dawu from Hubei Province. Nei’s gene diversity for the species and population were 0.2190 and 0.1964, respectively. The analysis of variance showed that the main variance within populations was 89.68%. The mean genetic distance among the 3 population was 0.0292. The results of UPGMA cluster analysis based on genetic distance revealed there was high genetic similarity between the population and the genetic distance was closely related to its distribution area. The research suggests that the important way for Staphylea bumalda conservation will be conserving the high genetic diversity populations.

Abstract:Shoot regeneration ability from in vitro leaf explants of different ploidy clones which were derived from the same diploid cultivar of pear (Pyrus communis L.) by colchicine treatment was examined. The regeneration rates of neopolyploids were significantly lower than that of diploid control. Regeneration rates among different neopolyploid clones were significantly different. Triploid ‘3x-3’ and tetraploid ‘4x-4’ failed to regenerate. These results revealed that the decrease of regeneration ability or loss of totipotency was related to the polyploidization.

Abstract:Wheat germplasm is a key factor in sustainable wheat breeding. In this study, the iron and zinc contents in flour of 426 Shandong wheat landraces were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The results show that the iron and zinc distribution ranges of Shandong wheat landraces are 5.2～44.1 and 6.2～50.4 mg/kg, respectively, and that the landraces with the highest iron content 44.1 mg/kg and 41.8 mg/kg respectively are “Tuerqi” and “Luomai”, and the landrace with the highest zinc content 50.4 mg/kg is “Daqingmang”. Using the selected wheat landraces with both high iron and zinc contents and good grain and food quality as cross parents, it may be of very important significance to breed new wheat varieties with high nutrient, and to investigate the genetic mechanism of iron and zinc accumulation in the grain.

Abstract:Rice blast has an important economic impact during the past many years, causing significant yield losses in the northeastern rice growing region, where japonica cultivars have been widely planted. We have surveyed the predominant population and race changing of Magnaporthe oryzae, and the resistance of rice cultivars during the last 30years. Moreover, the utilization values of the identified resistance genes, and the key research aspects in the future were also discussed. These results will supply some suggestion for the further research about effectively controlling trice blast in this region.

Abstract:A fusiform fruit mutant HL-fu was found from inbred line HL of Cucurbita maxima. There was obvious biological characteristic variation on a lot of organs of the mutant, such as flower, fruit, stem. The residual degree of the stamen from female flower and the pistil from male flower of the mutant were more than the wild type one. Its fruit was fusiform, it was five times on the fruit shape index of the mutant than the wild type one. The arrangement status of the mutant internode was long short alternative distribution, the phyllotaxis was similar to the opposite phyllotaxis. The reciprocal cross F1 was constructed by crossing mutant HL-fu and wild type HL, the genetics of the groups of cross F2, BC1(P1)1F1 and BC1(P2)F1 were analyzed. We speculated that the variation type was recessive mult-effect single gene mutant, the mutant character was controlled by a pair of recessive nuclear gene fu. We discussed the potential value of fusiform fruit mutant on the pumpkin breeding and the basic study.

Abstract:Determination on pollen viability of 19 pear cultivars in different storage temperatures were carried out by testing method of pollens cultured in vitro, pollination characteristics of 6 cross combinations and inbred of 15 pear cultivars were also studied. The results showed that addition of boric acid and gibberellin in culture medium can enhance pollen viability. It was found that Daci pear,Bayuehong,Whangkeumbae pear pollen abortion assayed under microscope.In different storage conditions, the lower of the temperature, the more slowly of the pollen germination rate dropped, lower temperature was suitable for long storage. During process of storage, the appearance of “compelled dormancy of short-term” was exist, and with lower temperature forced dormancy recovery time backward outspread. The average of fruit setting rate of flower and inflorescence of 6 cross combinations were 82.54% and 94.82%, and had no significant differences with open pollination. Gold-Nijisseiki could be used as pollination tree for Ya pear and Xuehua pear, also Xuehua pear, Ya pear, Red D' Anjou and Red clapp's favorite could be used as pollination tree for Whangkeumbae.The self-fertile rate of 15 pear cultivars were low, and 8 cuitivars included Daci pear, Whangkeumbae, Qinfeng, Xiuyu, Sinsei, Xuehua pear and Housui had no self-fertile rate. In production, pollination tree were needed to achieve production demand.

Abstract:Aggregation breeding method was used to create the new pumpkin germplasm with high inosital that was analyzed with the HPLC technique. A new pumpkin cultivar ‘Yichuanhong’ was obtained. The contents of inositol and polysaccharide in the fruits of ‘Yichuanhong’ were 661mg/100g and 45.8mg/g, which were 120% and 30% higher than CK cultivars, respectively. The results also showed that this new cultivar had low reductive sugar, less than 50 mg/g. Therefore, it is suitable to be used in the daily diet treatment by the people with diabetic, hypertention, or heart disease. Besides, ‘Yichuanhong’ has good eating quality, high yield, and diseases resistance. This cultivar can be cultivated in both spring and autumn. ‘Yichuanhong’ has greatly increased the economic value of pumpkin as a traditional vegetable, and provided a safe and effective means to prevent diabetic, hypertention, or heart diseases.