Abstract:The object of collecting for crop genetic resources is to obtain the highest degree of genetic diversity in the seed samples. In order to effectively collect wild soybean germplasm resource, we surveyed and analyzed genetic diversity in the natural populations of wild soybean in recent years, and understood the patterns of genetic diversity in wild soybean populations: including geographical and ecological regionalities of genetic diversity, genetic relationship among populations within ecosystems, and the degrees of genetic diversity in wild soybean populations under various habitats. These results have become a theoretical fundament in guiding collecting of wild soybean germplasm. According to the distribution of genetic diversity for wild soybean populations in various habitats, we preliminarily established fundament principia and methods for effectively collecting wild soybean germplasm resources.

Abstract:Abstract: Introduction of foreign crop germplasm to promote food production is of great importance to China. A large number of crop genetic resources—rice, wheat, maize, potato, and sweet potato—are introduced into China from around the world every year, mostly from the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) Centres. China has also made great contribution to the world by providing many crop genetic resources, such as soybean, to the CGIAR Centres and other countries. China benefits significantly from the flows of crop genetic resources into the country and should, therefore, cooperate further with CGIAR Centres and other countries, consider accession to the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, enhance the integrated management of crop genetic resources, regulate their flows into/out of China, and develop a sharing mechanism to facilitate the sharing of them.

Abstract:Abstract: This paper reviewed the developmental history of Chinese fruit germplasm resources, summarized the achievements for the past three decades in China, indicated some principal problems existed in developing Chinese fruit germplasm resources, and proposed some suggestions for further carrying out the basic works on germplasm resources. Key words: Fruit; germplasm resource; review; suggestion

Abstract:To investigate the genetic diversity of Pinus tabulaeformis distributed in different altitude regions and explore the association of P. tabulaeformis with the environment, the relationship between genetic diversity and environmental factors were analyzed. Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) technique was used to evaluate the genetic diversity and population structure of 118 individuals from four natural populations of P. tabulaeformis at different altitudes in Liaoheyuan National Forest Park, Hebei Province, China. Thirteen random primers produced a total of 177 securable amplified fragments. The genetic diversity of P. tabulaeformis population level and species level was PPL=60.2775%, h=0.2171, I=0.3222, and PPL=98.33%, h=0.38142, I=0.5550, respectively. The level of genetic variation varied regularly with different altitudes. The highest level of genetic variation of the population was observed at the altitude of 1354-1274 m (Pop2), and it declined for the populations at the altitude of 1484-1430 m (Pop2), 1129-1091 m (Pop3), and 1002-901 m (Pop4). The high value of differentiation (Gst=0.6562) and analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated there was significant genetic differentiation among populations, and about two-five of the variation occurred among populations. Pearson correlation analysis further revealed that the genetic diversity within populations was significantly correlated with the altitude and soil nutrient factors (i.e., organic matter, available phosphorus, and available phosphorus). Mantel tests showed that there existed a correlation between the genetic distances among populations and the distance of elevation, and the divergence of soil nutrient factors. The results of the present study suggested that the genetic differentiation among populations of P. tabulaeformis from different altitudes may be caused by the ecological factors of different altitudes and gene flow.

Abstract:According to the investigation and statistical analysis, about 17 species and varieties of wild lilies were found in Chongqing, China. Distribution characteristic and the present situation of wild lilies in the district were analyzed. Threatened status and comprehensive value of wild lily resources in Chongqing were evaluated. Some suggestions were also presented on the protection and exploitation of these wild lily resources.

Abstract:The flour whiteness of 2068 wheat landraces and varieties or breeding lines was investigated, and the grain hardness index of wheat germplasm with flour whiteness value over 80 was measured. The results showed that the ranges of distribution of flour whiteness values for Shandong landraces, Shandong varieties or lines, and varieties or lines collected from other provinces were 63.9-82.9, 63.1-83.8, and 67.2-84.2, respectively. Three hundred and forty-two varieties or lines with the flour whiteness values over 80 were identified, which included 22 landraces, 228 Shandong varieties or lines, and 92 varieties or lines from other provinces. Among them, 26 landraces and varieties or lines had flour whiteness values over 83, and 18 landraces and varieties or lines displayed high grain hardness index (≥50). These 18 high grain hardness landraces and varieties or lines are importance in developing high-flour-whiteness and strong–medium gluten wheat variety to meet people’s taste and health security.

Abstract:Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc) are two highly related pathogens of rice that cause bacterial leaf blight (BB) and bacterial leaf streak (BLS), respectively, which constrain rice production in much of Asia and parts of Africa. Developing resistant cultivars has been the most effective approach to control BB and BLS. In this study, we reviewed the advances on identification of the main effect resistance genes and quantitative resistance locus of the two diseases, which will provide some useful information for further resistance breeding of this two related bacterial diseases.

Abstract:In order to reveal the genetic diversity and relationships of Cymbidium ensifolium varieties and provide evidence for utilization and exploitation of germplasm resources of C. ensifolium, sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) was used to analyze the genetic relationship among the 47 varieties, which derived from Sichuan, Taiwan, and Guangdong. The software NTSYS was applied to analyze the results of SRAP-PCR. A total of 188 DNA bands was amplified using 12 specific and stable primers selected from 88 primers, 147 of which was polymorphic. The average number of polymorphic DNA bands amplified by each primer was 12. Clustering analysis revealed that these varieties were divided into four groups. Group I consisted of 3 varieties from Sichuan. In group II, 18 varieties came from Sichuan, 3 varieties from Guangdong Province, and the remaining 2 varieties from Taiwan. In 12 varieties of group III, eleven varieties came from Taiwan, and only one originated from Sichuan. In the last group, 9 varieties were included, 8 of which came from Sichuan and 1 variety originated from Taiwan. These result indicate study the genetic diversity and relationship of C. ensifolium effectively.

Abstract:Genetic diversity of 30 melon varieties that were from Middle-east area Province or introducd from Taiwan area and Japan, was analyzed by 72 SSR primers distributed on 12 melon chromosomes. The results showed that 56 SSR primers of total performed polymorphism and 138 alleles loci were detected with a range from 2 to 6 and 2.6 as average number of alleles per SSR. The effective alleles were 86.16 with average 2.25. Each value of allelic polymorphism information content (PIC) ranged from 0.045 to 0.725 based on an average of 0.390 per SSR marker. The genetic similarity of paired varieties varied from 0.274 to 0.974, with 0.665 as average figure, and genetic similarity of 90.4% tested materials between 0.474 and 0.824. According to the methodology of UPGMA, 30 melon varieties could be clustered into three groups based of the generic similarity coefficient as the original data. Combined with pedigree analysis results showed that the genetic diversity of melon varieties in Middle-east area was not enough at present and it had closer genetic relationship among most varieties. It is important to enlarge the genetic resources and explore the genetic backiground in order for provide high quality melon variety in current melon breeding.

Abstract:Xinjiang wild walnut is a rare and important wild plant resource in China. In Asia, a large area of Xingjiang wild walnut is only distributed in wild walnut natural preservation area Gongliu County, Xinjiang. In order to protect the precious resources, the ground diameter in 30cm, tree height, and smoothness of bark, tree vigor, diseases, and insect pests of wild walnut in Gongliu County, Xinjiang was investigated in this study. Statistics of the distribution of wild walnut trees numbers in different valley, young trees proportion, diseases, and insect pest distribution were also investigated. The relationship between distribution density, age structure, tree vigor, and environment was also analyzed by its age structure via the smoothness of bark. The results showed that there are about 5500 wild walnut trees in wild walnut valley, at present, about 16% of which are young trees with ground diameter less than 10 cm in the 30 cm, and the number of wild walnut trees in west valley and east valley accounted for about 66% of the total. The age structure of the whole wild walnut forest is generally reasonable, belonging to the growth group structure. However, the infectious diseases, especially wild walnut brown patch and wild walnut branch blight disease, seriously affected on the tree growth potential.

Abstract:Abstract: Thirteen agronomic characters and 12 quality characters of 102 rice landraces from Shandong Province were investigated and analyzed using the method of diversity index (H′) to provide useful information for genetic improvement of rice (Oryz sativa L.). The results indicated that the diversity index of agronomic characters varied from 1.42 to 2.05. There were higher diversity indexes in plant height, panicle neck length, and spikeletes per panicle. Diversity index were 2.01, 2.02, and 2.05, respectively. The ranges of diversity indexes of the quality characters were 0.99 to 2.04. Diversity indexes of protein content, gel consistency, peak viscosity, and hot paste viscosity and breakdown were 2.00, 2.04, 2.04, 2.01, and 2.04, respectively. These results showed that there was an abundant genetic diversity among agronomic characters and quality characters in Shandong rice landraces. These results provides useful information to rice breeding.

Abstract:In order to efficiently use sweet sorghum germplasm in XinJiang, this paper analyzed and compared the genetic diversity of 24 main characters of 72 germplasms using genetic diversity indexes, coefficient of variation and cluster analysis. The results showed that genetic diversity indexes(1.6333) is the highest for grain color among 14 qualitative character; the lowest one was for in leaf color of seedling and seed setting form, the average diversity indexes is 0.7460. The quantitative character such as main panicle length，stem diameter，brix，grain weight per spike，stem juice extraction，1000 grain weight，plant height，panicle weight and whole growth period had greater coefficient of variability．ranging from 7.85％ to 53.01％，all quantitative character tested showed great diversity indexes，ranging from 1.7331 to 2.1383 with an average of 2.0061，which showed this collection of sweet sorghum germplasm had great genetic diversity. Cluster analysis showed that all 72 germplasms were divided into 4 groups.

Abstract:Abstract: Genetic relationships and diversities of 28 ornamental pumpkin and gourd accessions were assessed by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and inter-simple sequence repeat(ISSR) molecular markers. The results showed that 89 and 93 amplification bands were obtained by 12 selected RAPD and 13 selected ISSR primers, respectively. The PPB (percentage of polymorphic bands) in ISSR detection (86% ) was higher than that in RAPD (82% ).The similarity coefficient ranging from 0.33 to 0.99 and from 0.31 to 0.99 respectively，and the ISSR (mean value of GS was 0.68) was more efficient than RAPD (mean value of GS was 0.73)．Using cluster analysis (UPGMA) based on those polymorphism mixture bands amplified with RAPD and ISSR primers, the 28 accessions were classified into three groups obviously related with fruit skin color and shape. Group Ⅰ included 15 accessions, which fruit shapes were oblate, ovoid, spherical or cylinder, and which fruit developmental traits were early or late maturation. Group Ⅱincluded 11 accessions, which fruit shapes were soup spoon, pear, oblate spheroid or crown, and which fruit developmental traits were early or middle maturation. Group Ⅲ included 2 accessions with the fruit traits of gourd shape and late maturation.

Abstract:The quality traits, including protein content, oil content, oleic acid, and linoleic acid content, were detected on seeds of 233 local peanut germplasms from Henan Province, China. They were compared with the traits of the germplasms from other provinces of China and countries. The landraces from Henan Province possessed medium protein contents together with relatively high oil content and oleic acid content on average. However, outstanding germplasms with the protein content over 30%, oil content over 56%, and oleic acid content over 70% were not detected. The currently commercial varieties in Henan Province had low protein content in general. However, the varieties with high oil content were developed. A breeding strategy was proposed, which included full use of germplasms available together with application of techniques such as wide hybridization, inducing mutants, marker-assisted selection， and genetic engineering.

Abstract:Forty radish germplasm were inoculated with strain Xcc8004 and XccBJ of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) at seedling stage. The fleshy root of eight germplasm among them were sliced and inoculated with strain Xcc8004. Twenty-seven accessions of them were inoculated with eight effectors. The result indicated that radish germplasm’s resistance to black rot was significantly different. Three accessions showed highly resistant (HR), one resistant (R), and four moderately resistant (MR) to Xcc8004. One HR, two R, and five MR radish germplasms to XccBJ were identified. The resistance of radish seedling to Xcc8004 was significantly correlated to the resistance to XccBJ, and the resistance of seedlings and fleshy roots to Xcc8004 was also significantly correlated. Seventeen radish germplasms exhibited hypersensitive response to different effectors. The number of radish germplasms showing hypersensitive response to XC_0241 was the most, followed by hypersensitive response to XC_0542 and XC_0541. The extent of hypersensitive response in different germplasm to different effectors was not identical. The reliably resistant resources provide the basic materials in breeding for the radish resistance and studying resistance mechanism.

Abstract:An experiment was conducted to investigate leaves, fruits, and fruit internal traits of 8 local plum varieties from Guizhou Province, China. The results showed that: ① the shapes of leaves had the most widely range of variation, for example orbicular-ovate, ellipse shape, lanceolate, and oblarcoelate. The shapes of leaf apex, leaf base, and nectary had smaller range of variation than the shapes of leaves; ② the color of flesh and pericarp had the most wide range of variation, followed by maturity, fruit shape, depth of suture line, and blossomend shape; ③ the average coefficient of variation of simple fruit weight, transverse length, vertical length and shape index were over 9%. The range of variation for simple fruit weight was 18.3 to 38.9 g with the coefficient of variation of 24.92%; ④ the variation coefficient fruit internal quality was 8.5%, which was the lowest among soluble solid contents, and the coefficient of variation of total soluble sugar content was as high as 13.44%.

Abstract:The agronomy traits indexes of 40 garlic cultivars were Investigated based on the principal of numerical classification, and the PCA of 16 agronomy traits and 5 quality indexes were analyzed, the scatter plot were drawed based on the first 3 PC and the clustering were carried out based on the genetic coefficient. The first 7 PC accounted for 85% variation among the cultivars. The 10 excellent cultivars were selected based on the principal component. The 40 cultivars can be classified into 4 groups when SM coefficient was 0.12 on the UPGMA dendrogram. The clustering based on the 0.07~0.64 SM coefficient explained the genetic relationship of 40 cultivars.

Abstract:Fluorescent quantitative PCR is one of the first choices for the methods in analyzing gene expression level. It is simple for operation, but how to ensure the credibility of the quantitative PCR results is still a problem to be tackled especially for the quantitative analysis of miRNA with only about 20 nucleotides. In this paper, the expression difference of miR408 gene in different tissues in rice was taken for instance. The new criteria and requirements of fluorescent quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) were systematically optimized and summarized. The results from this study indicates that the concentration of primers plays a crucial role in optimizing the fluorescence qPCR detection system.

Abstract:To investigate the effect of exogenous pea ferritin gene (Pea-Fer) on major mineral elements accumulation in transgenic rice, a near isogenic line (NIL BC6F3) Fer34-XS11 was developed from the donor parent (exogenous ferritin transgenic pure line Fer34) and the recurrent parent (Oryza sativa ssp. japanica) (Xiushui 11) through repeated backcrossing and self-crossing. The contents of major mineral elements, including Fe, Ca, Mn, and Zn, from various tissues (i.e, root, stem, and leaf sheath) at different developmental stages (i.e., seedling, tillering, and maturing) of the transgenic plants and grains were further analyzed. The results showed that the iron content of Fer34-XS11 increased significantly in different organs, developmental stages, and grains, but no obvious difference was observed in other mineral elements (i.e., Ca, Mn, and Zn) compared to the wild type Xiushui 11. This result provides important information for further studying and utilizing the new transgenic iron-rich rice.

Abstract:Low temperature germination is an important agricultural trait. Improvement of crop tolerance to low temperature and identification of target genes are a major goal for crop breeders worldwide. By testing seed germination of over 300 Arabidopsis accessions, we identified a natural variation in germinability at low temperature in the dark among these accessions and compared the germination characteristics between Bay-0 and Shahdara. This natural variation was exploited to identify genetic loci responsible for cold-tolerant and dark germination. The molecular markers and a quantitative trait loci approach were used on recombinant inbred lines of a cross between Bay-0 and Shahdara. Six distinct quantitative trait loci were identified, three of which were major loci responsible for 61% of this natural variation. Validation of the three major loci using heterogeneous inbred families confirmed the feasibility of fine mapping and cloning the genes at the quantitative trait loci responsible for cold-tolerant and dark germination.

Abstract:Wheat cultivar Xiaoyan 6 is an important foundation parent in wheat improvement of China. Ten functional molecular markers including UMN19, UMN25, UMN26, T2, T5, T13, S13, S1, T1, Wx-A1, Wx-B1, Wx-D1, YP7A, YP7B-1, PPO18, and PPO29 were used to identify the composition of genes associated with quality traits in Xiaoyan 6 and its derivatives. Results showed that 78.72% and 82.98% derivatives had the same compositions of genes as Xiaoyan 6 at loci Glu-A1 and Glu-D1 of HMW-GS and locus Wx. Some derivative cultivars had different HMW-GS gene composition, such as Ax2* and Dx5+Dy10, and 25.33% derivatives had the same gene compositions as Xiaoyan 6 at loci Glu-B3 and Glu-D3. Only 17.02% and 38.29% derivative cultivars had the same gene compositions as Xiaoyan 6 at phytoene synthase (PSY) loci Psy-A1 and Psy-B1 and (PPO) gene. The possible reason of the different transmission frequency of these loci in Xiaoyan 6 and its derivatives were discussed.

Abstract:The joint segregation analysis method of mixed major gene plus polygene genetic model was used to study the inheritance of leaf number and leaf area in flue-cured tobacco. Six generations (P1, P2, F1, B1, B2, and F2) from the crosses between Wanye with less leaves and small leaf area as the maternal parent and Coker319 with more leaves and large leaf area as the paternal parent were investigated. It was found that leaf number and leaf area in flue-cured tobacco appeared to be a quantitative trait and their inheritances fit to a mixed genetic model of two major genes with additive-dominant-epistatic effects plus polygenes with additive-dominant-epistatic effects (the E0 model). Leaf number was mainly controlled by the additive effect and the epistatic effect of dominance × dominance. The additive, dominant and epistatic effects of leaf area was all important with the epistatic effect > the additive effect > the dominance effect. Heritabilities of the major genes were estimated to be 36.91% and 2.13% in B1, 51.60%, and 50.92% in B2 and 42.63% and 30.32% in F2. Heritabilities of the polygenes were estimated to be 31.00% and 19.53% in B1, 16.84% and 13.26% in B2, and 42.08% and 12.18% in F2. Because of their higher heritability of the major gene, the selection of leaf number and leaf area could be taken in early generations.

Abstract:In order to improve efficiency in selecting arrowhead cultivars as parents, to provide guidance in choosing best parent combination for crossing，the genetic diversity was studied in 41 traditional cultivars and 26 wild resources conserved in Wuhan National Germplasm Repository for Aquatic Vegetables. The result showed that the genetic diversity index of all traits were relatively large, the genetic diversity index of quantity traits (1.840-2.039) were higher than quality traits(1.033-1.382), it indicated that these resources had wide genetic diversity, and it was probable to select bigger crom and higher yield variety. Though cluster analyzing based on 13 phenotypic traits, 67 arrowhead germplasm could be classified into 3 categories. The first category was wild resources and could be classified into 3 sub-categories further more. The second category was cultivated yellow arrowhead. The third category was cultivated grey arrowhead and could be classified into 2 sub-categories. The genetic relationship were relatively far between categories or sub-categories. The materials in different categories or sub-categories should be chose as parent while crossing.

Abstract:In recent years, the incidence of wheat take-all disease is increasing in Huang-Huai area of China. To determine the virulence of Gaeumannomyces graminis isolates and to provide the scientific basis for screening resistant wheat cultivars, three inoculation and two investigation methods were compared in this study. The results suggested that the method with fungal-colonized agar plugs 2 cm below the wheat seeds in combination with the 0-6 disease grade standard was better than the others, which presented appropriate disease severity and less standard error. The virulence of 52 G. graminis isolates collected from Henan, Jiangsu, Anhui, and Shandong provinces in 2010 was then tested using the method mentioned above. The virulence was shown to be different significantly among the isolates tested. Finally, 69 wheat cultivars were tested for their resistance against G. graminis isolate G1037, which was aggressive during seedling stage. All the wheat cultivars tested were susceptible to G1037, and none of them was immune or highly resistant to G. graminis. However, Fanmai 5 and Taikong 6 were moderately resistant against G. graminis.

Abstract:Rice landrace is the main part of resources in rice (Oryza sativa L.). It has abundant genetic diversity and excellent characters that the current widely-planted variety has not. It is the indispensable resources to breed and study the origin and evolution of rice species. Inter-varietal genetic diversity were attended; however, intra-varietal genetic heterogeneity were not. Twenty-four SSR markers were used to evaluate the intra-varietal heterogeneity of 3 rice landraces that has been continuously planted generation to generation in Yuanyang terraces of Yunnan Province, China. A total of 117 SSR alleles were revealed, and the Shannon's information index of 3 populations were Hongjiaolaojing (0.5911) > Baijiaolaojing (0.4875) > Yuelianggu (0.3070). The results of this study showed that they have abundant intra-varietal heterogeneity in 3 rice landraces. The contribution rate of genetic heterogeneity among plants individual is higher than among populations.

Abstract:A total of 464 crop varieties were registered and released from 1984 to 2006, including food crop, oil crop, fibre crop, vegetable crop, melon fruits, and edible fungus. In this paper, the species diversity and traits variation of these varieties were analyzed, and the diversity and breeding achievements were described using rice as an example. The effect of yield components in increasing yield potential was discussed. The database sharing system was also described.

Abstract:Brown planthopper (BPH, Nilaparvata lugens Stål) is one of main insect pests of rice (Oryza sativa L.). The most scientific and safest measure of breeding BPH resistant cultivars is identification and using BPH resistance genes. In this study, HS204 that carries a dominant gene for resistance to BPH was used as the resistance donor, and the restorer lines Minghui 65, 582, and MR were used as the recurrent parent. By means of backcrossing, seedling detection, and selection of agronomic traits at adult stage, the gene for resistance to BPH was transferred into the recurrent parent, resulting in 45 homozygous resistant lines. The combining ability, grain quality, and other agronomic traits were also improved accordingly.

Abstract:To obtain full-length genes related to dormancy release and provide resources for tree peony genomic, flower buds of different chilling duration was used to isolate mRNA in tree peony. A normalized full-length yeast hybridization cDNA library was then constructed by DSN (duplex- specific nuclease) normalization method combined with SMART (switching mechanism at 5' end of RNA transcript) technique. The amplified cDNA was recombined with pGADT7-Rec, and transformed to yeast AH109. The titer of un-amplified cDNA library was about 1.77×106 cfu/ml, and contained 2.3×108 independent clones. The abundance of transcripts 18S rRNA decreased 26 in normalized cDNA library comparing with that in non-normalized samples detected by PCR and Tanon GIS analysis. The average size of cDNA inserts was 1200 bp with a recombination rate of over 95%. These results indicated that the normalized yeast hybridization cDNA library has been successfully established with high quality, which is convenient to screen transcription factors and interaction protein regulated by chilling temperature, and finally to develop gene regulation network during dormancy release in tree peony.

Abstract:A new sweetpotato cultivar Xushu 27 with high yield and high starch content was developed from the cross between Xushu 18 with good quality as the maternal parent and 20 varieties (or lines) with great difference in genetic background as the paternal parents through open-pollinated group method. In 2009, this cultivar was approved by the Crop Varieties Appraisal Committee of Shandong Province. The agronomic characteristics, productivity, disease resistance, quality characteristics, and starch pasting properties of Xushu 27 were studied. This cultivar had strong sprout ability, smooth vine growth, strong storage ability, high resistance to root rot, and moderate resistance to rot nematode. In Comparison with Xushu 18, fresh root yield and dry matter yield of Xushu 27 increased by 19.41% and 19.21%, respectively, which indicated a potential of super-high yield. Rapid Visco Analysis (RVA) curve of Xushu 27 starch showed a typical A-shape. The starch RVA parameters with different fertilizer treatments were significantly different. Organic fertilizer reduced the value of starch peak viscosity, hot paste viscosity, and cool paste viscosity. The gelatinization temperature ranged from 75°C to 80 °C.