Abstract:Nymphaea is an important aquatic ornamental plant that plays an important role in aquatic ecological restoration， landscaping， horticultural health and other areas. The research progress on the classification and characteristics of Nymphaea by morphology， cytology， palynology and molecular markers was reviewed， and the phylogeny and phylogenetic relationships of Nymphaea were analyzed from different perspectives. The current situation of genomics and gene family function analysis and identification of Nymphaea， as well as the research progress of physiology， biochemistry and resistance of Nymphaea were reviewed， which provided the basis for the systematic study of reproductive growth and stress response mechanism of Nymphaea. At the same time， the research contents of embryonic development， reproductive process and breeding of Nymphaea were reviewed. And in the future， the research of Nympheae should continue to deepen， the genetic transformation system should be established， and the breeding， whole genome sequencing of Nympheae should be strengthened， in order to provide important theoretical basis for the breeding and propagation of new varieties of Nymphaea and the preservation and utilization of germplasm resources of Nymphaea by using molecular biology technology.

Abstract:Blueberries are renowned worldwide for their unique nutritional and health benefits. However， as cultivation periods extend， blueberry varieties in different countries and regions are facing challenges such as stress susceptibility， poor adaptability， and mismatched chilling requirements. These issues partly stem from excessive inbreeding， leading to limited genetic diversity and inbreeding depression， which restrict the production of high-quality fresh blueberries and the expansion of cultivation areas. Consequently， countries have initiated hybrid breeding programs based on their local climates and market demands. Nevertheless， current blueberry breeding methods remain confined to traditional hybridization techniques， which are time-consumption， resource-intensive， and lack the application of modern biotechnological breeding approaches. This article aims to introduce the countries involved in blueberry breeding and their varietal development processes， while summarizing and analyzing the breeding trends of six major types of blueberries. It also discusses the modern biotechnological approaches applied in current global blueberry breeding and outlines future breeding goals. It is hoped that these insights will provide a theoretical basis for blueberry breeding efforts in our country.

Abstract:Crop germplasm resources serve as the foundational material for the development of new varieties. Advances in high-throughput phenotyping technology offer a new perspective for the exploration and utilization of superior germplasm. In this study， the time-series canopy coverage data from 1129 soybean germplasms， collected by unmanned air vehicles， along with two spatial and temporal traits， max canopy coverage （MaxCC） and canopy cover increase speed （CCSpeed）， were statistically analyzed. This analysis aimed to reveal the dynamic growth characteristics and variations of germplasm resources from different ecological regions in the field. The results showed that under the planting environments of Nanchang， Jiangxi province， the MaxCC and CCSpeed of these germplasm resources exhibited substantial phenotypic diversity， with variation coefficients of 16.09% and 49.35%， respectively. Germplasms with distinct growth habits and ecological origin varied in their MaxCC and CCSpeed； those with a determinate stem growth habit showed faster CCSpeed and a higher MaxCC. Soybean germplasms from southern ecological regions demonstrated higher MaxCC and faster CCSpeed compared from other regions. Twenty-one elite germplasms with MaxCC above 90% and the CCSpeed above 0.3 d^-1 were selected. These germplasms are suitable for planting in the southern region due to their early canopy closure， which can mitigate weed pressure， thus reducing field management costs. Rapid accumulation of biomass during the early growth stage can lead to higher yields in later stages. These findings provide a material basis for the breeding of new high-yielding soybean varieties with desirable characteristics and hold significant implications for soybean production.

Abstract:Rice direct seeding under waterlogging conditions can not only eliminate the labor cost associating with raising seedlings， transplanting， and drainage， but also effectively prevent the weeds， birds and rats， therefore holding broad application prospects. However， because of the low germination rate under waterlogged conditions， most rice cultivars are unsuitable for direct seeding in flooded fields. Lack of variety seriously limits the development and popularization of waterlogging direct seeding technology. Identifying and screening rice germplasm resources with robust waterlogged seedling characteristics is a crucial foundation for breeding new varieties adapted to waterlogging direct seeding rice. This study utilized rice germplasm materials from domestic and international sources preserved in the Mid-term Crop Germplasm Resource Bank of Hubei province. We measured indicators such as waterlogged seedling rate， germinative force， low-oxygen germination rate， low-oxygen relative germination rate， coleoptile length， low-oxygen coleoptile length， and low-oxygen relative coleoptile length. Seventeen rice germplasm with waterlogged seedling rates exceeding 50% were identified. Correlation analysis revealed significant positive correlations between the waterlogged seedling rate and several indicators， including germinative force， low-oxygen germination rate， coleoptile length， low-oxygen coleoptile length， and low-oxygen relative coleoptile length， with the strongest being between waterlogged seedling rate and low-oxygen coleoptile length was the highest. Thus， the low-oxygen coleoptile length could serve as a vital index for identifying and evaluating the waterlogged seedlings characteristics. By detecting and analyzing the haplotype attribute of OsGF14h， an important regulatory gene for waterlogged seedling characteristics， in 254 rice germplasm resources， 8 germplasm resources with high waterlogged seedling rate （>30%） while OsGF14h gene of non-functional-derived haplotype were identified， corresponding clues for the mining of new genes related to waterlogged seedling characteristics were provided. This study offers valuable insights for improving the efficiency of screening and identification waterlogging tolerant rice germplasm resources， exploring the regulatory genes of waterlogged seedling characteristics， and developing new varieties of waterlogging-tolerant rice suitable for direct seeding.

Abstract:Considering the complexity of black rice germplasm resources on distribution and origin， uncovering the genetic diversity of black rice materials and clarify their genetic relationship becomes of significance. This study analyzed the genetic diversity of 90 rice materials （including 21 black leaf black rice， 24 purple leaf black rice， 30 green leaf black rice， and 15 white rice） by using 30 SCoT primers. A total of 194 fragments were detected by SCoT primers， including 165 that showed polymorphic with the ratio of 85%. The average values of allele number （Na）， effective allele number （Ne）， Nei′s gene diversity index （H） and Shannon′s information index （I） were 1.9216， 1.3922， 0.2445 and 0.3836， respectively. The results of cluster analysis showed that at a genetic similarity coefficient of 0.73， these genotypes were clustered into four groups， coincidence with the results of population structure analysis. The genetic similarity coefficient predominantly ranged from 0.59 to 0.79， indicating a relatively high genetic similarity. Analysis of molecular variance（ANOVA） showed that 91% of the genetic variations were within the population， with only 9% being between the populations. These findings indicate that there is limited genetic diversity in the collection， and enriching genetic diversity of black rice germplasm resources required further efforts. This study provides valuable insights for parental selection in black rice hybridization， and offers a theoretical basis for genetic improvement and cultivation of new black rice varieties.

Abstract:In order to clarify the genetic background of the germplasm of Anemarrhena asphodeloides， the genetic diversity of 160 germplasm materials of A.asphodeloides was analyzed based on phenotypic traits and SSR markers using cluster analysis and principal component analysis. The results showed that the diversity index of 21 phenotypic traits ranged from 0.99 to 7.60， with an average value of 1.99. The coefficient of variation ranged from 17.22% to 151.07%， with an average of 51.49%. A total of 143 alleles were detected by capillary electrophoresis using 27 pairs of newly developed SSR primers. The effective alleles ranged from 0.56 to 7.40， with an average of 3.54. Shannon's information index ranges from 0.17 to 0.51， with an average value of 0.36. Polymorphism information content （PIC） ranged from 0.15 to 0.50， with an average of 0.38. Cluster analysis showed that there was no obvious separation of 160 germplasm materials， but some of the same source of germplasm appeared in clusters. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis verified each other and showed similar results， which may be related to the frequent exchange of seeds and seedlings by the seed growers in different regions. In this study， 9 SSR markers associated with 6 phenotypic traits were screened by Chi-square test and T-test， which could be used for marker assisted breeding of female breeding.

Abstract:To explore the diversity of floral organ phenotypic traits in tulip germplasm resources， a study was conducted on 60 tulip cultivars， assessing nine district floral organ phenotypic traits. The genetic diversity of these traits was evaluated by principal component analysis and cluster analysis， providing a reference for the evaluation， identification and utilization of tulip germplasm resources. The results revealed significant variation in five quantitative traits （petal diameter， petal cross diameter， stigma length， stigma circumference， and stigma diameter） and four quality traits （corolla main color， pollen color， stigma shape， and flowering period）. The variation coefficients of corolla longitudinal diameter and corolla transverse diameter were 19.35% and 23.41%， respectively， indicating a relatively large variation between cultivars with a high degree of dispersion. However， the variation in stigma length， stigma circumference， and stigma diameter was relatively small， with a concentrated distribution and lower degree of dispersion. 92% of the tested varieties have a triangular prism shaped stigma， while five cultivars showed variation in stigma shape. The proportions of early， middle， and late flowering cultivars are 20%， 68%， and 12%， respectively. Principal component analysis extracted a total of five principal components with a cumulative contribution rate of 85.179%. By establishing a comprehensive evaluation model for the phenotypic traits of tulips， 12 cultivars with a comprehensive score above 0.5 were identified. 'Candy Prince' and 'Foxy Foxtrot' stood out with higher scores， being middle-flowered cultivars characterized by long and thick stigmas and excellent overall floral organ traits. Cluster analysis categorized the 60 tulip cultivars into four groups. Group I comprised of 51 cultivars， primarily large and colorful tulip varieties with thick stigmas and superior overall performance. Group II included only one variety ‘Purple Dream’， characterized by slender corolla and thick and long stigma. Group Ⅲ consisted of 6 cultivars， characterized by short stigma and general performance of floral organ traits. Group Ⅳ included 2 varieties， notable for their stigma shape variation. These results can support the classification of tulip cultivars and the exploration of their phylogenetic relationships from the morphological perspective. This study provides a reference for further development of excellent floral organ ornamental traits， germplasm innovation， and variety improvement in tulips.

Abstract:To explore the phenotypic diversity of A. crenata germplasm resources， 32 phenotypic traits of 56 A. crenata germplasm resources were analyzed using variance analysis， correlation analysis， principal component analysis， and cluster analysis. Diversity analyses showed that 56 A. crenata germplasm had enriched variation， with the Shannon-Wiener indices of 18 qualitative traits varying from 0.300 to 1.247， with a mean value of 0.734， and 14 quantitative traits with Shannon-Wiener indices ranging from 1.931 to 2.071， with a mean value of 2.007， and coefficients of variation 8.98%-46.32%， mean value 23.3%. The results of the correlation analysis showed that fruit transverse and longitudinal diameters had the highest correlation， fruit skin color was highly significantly positively correlated with fruiting branch total axis color， fruiting branch sub-axis color， fruit stalk color，and internode length was highly significantly positive correlated with plant height， current year trunk height. Principal component analysis indicated that eight principal components with a cumulative contribution of 76.34%， mainly plant and fruiting branch length， fruit and leaf color， were the main factors for phenotypic differences in A. crenata germplasm； four excellent germplasm resources of A. crenata with high composite scores were obtained by screening. Cluster analysis could classify the 56 A. crenata germplasm into six taxa， and there were large differences in phenotypic traits among different taxa. The abundant phenotypic diversity and varietal types provide a basis for the selection， development， and utilization of superior germplasm resources of A. crenata.

Abstract:Powdery mildew is a devastating fungal pathogen that threatens wheat production. Identifying resistant germplasm and exploring resistance genes are crucial for sustainable improvement of wheat genetic resistance. Siyuehuang， a wheat landrace identified with resistance to powdery mildew from Shanxi Province’s wheat germplasm resources， was crossed with susceptible cultivar Jinmai 47. The segregation population was developed and subjected for artificial inoculation for resistance assessment and genetic analysis at seedling stage. We employed the bulked segregant analysis （BSA） combined with a 90K SNP array to locate the resistance genes. The resistance of Siyuehuang to powdery mildew was controlled by a single dominant nuclear gene （provisionally named PmSYH）， with an inheritance pattern in accordance with Mendelian inheritance law. SNP array analysis revealed that polymorphic SNP markers were mainly enriched in the 110 Mb to 140 Mb segment on the short arm of wheat chromosome 7D. SSR （Simple Sequence Repeats） molecular markers were developed in the interval， and six markers linked to PmSYH were obtained for genotyping the F₂ population. PmSYH was mapped in the physical interval of 132.6 Mb to 137.5 Mb， flanked by Sxau7DS-37 and Sxau7DS-48 with genetic distance of 1.8 cM and 3.1 cM， respectively. Comparative analysis with previous localization results suggests that PmSYH is a new resistant gene against powdery mildew. This study provided wheat new genetic resources for wheat resistance breeding， with a certain value for improving resistance to powdery mildew in the northern winter wheat region.

Abstract:Photosynthesis is the basis for plant survival. Leaf color mutants are often accompanied by abnormal chloroplast structure and blocked photosynthetic pigment synthesis. Therefore， the study of leaf color mutants can provide experimental data and theoretical support for photosynthesis and photomorphogenesis. In this study， maize etiolation mutant et9， which was identified from maize inbred line PH6WC treated by 2.48 Gy fast neutron irradiation， was used as the material. Through phenotypic identification， determination of chlorophyll content in leaves， microscopic observation of chloroplast structure and analysis of photosynthetic characteristics， plant height and panicle height of et9 plants were very significantly lower than those of the wild type. The flag leaf length， flag leaf width and the third leaf width were very significantly reduced in mutant. The tasseling， pollen shedding and silking stages were delayed by 10-12 days compared with the wild type. The contents of chlorophyll a， chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll were obviously lower than those of the wild type. The chloroplast structure is loose， the distribution of thylakoids is chaotic， and the number of basal grains is small. In contrast to the wild type， the net photosynthetic rate， stomatal conductance and transpiration rate decreased significantly， while the intercellular carbon dioxide concentration increased significantly. The chloroplast fluorescence parameters were significantly lower than those of the wild type except for photochemical quenching. Genetic segregation analysis revealed that the yellowing phenotype was controlled by a nuclear recessive gene， named Zmet9. The F₂ segregating population was generated by crossing it with maize inbred line B73， and the mutation site was initially located in the 20-22 Mb on chromosome 9 of maize using the BSR-seq method. Four KASP markers and two InDel markers were further developed in the initial mapping interval， and about 1100 plants showing mutant phenotype were used for fine mapping. Finally， Zmet9 was finely mapped to a region of about 160 kb between markers KASP19 and 2040. This interval contains five annotated candidate genes， of which Zm00001d045384 encodes an iron superoxide dismutase. Considering that mutation of its homologous genes FSD2 and FSD3 in Arabidopsis shows leaf color bleaching phenotype， we speculate that Zm00001d045384 may be a candidate gene for Zmet9.

Abstract:Methionine is the primary limiting amino acid in maize-soybean meal diets for livestock and poultry. An imbalance in amino acids can inhibit protein synthesis in animals， thus affecting the quality of meat and milk. To analyze the regulatory mechanism governing methionine accumulation in maize grains， this study used homologous cloning strategy to identify a candidate gene， ZmTS1 （Threonine Synthase 1）， which affects methionine content. Methionine content in Zmts1 mutant seeds increased by 60%. SDS-PAGE analysis revealed that the methionine residue-rich 10 kDa-δ alcohol-soluble protein in mature Zmts1 mutant kernel was significantly elevated compared to the wild type， confirming that this gene could significantly increase methionine content in maize kernels. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that the gene contained a threonine synthase structural domain and the encoded protein was hydrophilic. Transcriptome analysis revealed 1144 differentially expressed genes associated with methionine metabolism， of which 571 and 573 were up-regulated and down-regulated， respectively. GO and KEGG enrichment pathway analysis showed that the differentially expressed genes were mainly involved in the biosynthesis and metabolism of amino acids. qRT-PCR was used to further analyze seven key candidate genes that may be involved in methionine metabolism pathway. The transcriptional patterns revealed by both in RNA-Seq and qRT-PCR implied indirect functions of these genes in the methionine metabolic pathway. This study provides new germplasm resources for breeding methionine-rich maize， and offers a theoretical basis for understanding methionine regulation mechanisms in maize.

Abstract:Tartary buckwheat （Fagopyrum tataricum）， a member of the Fagopyrum genus of the Polygonaceae family， is an annual herbaceous plant known for its medicine and edible qualities. The occurrence of Fagopyrum damping-off has seriously affected the promotion and development of tartary buckwheat cultivation. This study conducted transcriptome analysis on tartary buckwheat treated with jasmonic acid or salicylic acid， revealing that the transcription of the aspartic protease gene FtAPDSLX1 was inducible. Through analyzing gene expression in genotypes showing levels of resistance，significantly higher transcripts of FtAPDSLX1 were detected in resistant line if compared to susceptible ones. Using the representative variety Chuanqiao No. 1 as material， the FtAPDSLX1 gene was cloned with the full-length coding sequence of 1143 base pairs. This gene encodes 380 amino acids， and its promoter contains multiple cis-elements associating with disease resistance. FtAPDSLX1 was up-regulated in the seedlings upon Rhizoctonia solaniand invasion and its expression exhibited significant tissue specificity. Disease resistance analysis of Arabidopsis plants overexpressing FtAPDSLX1 indicated that FtAPDSLX1 led to enhanced resistance against Rhizoctonia solaniand. Overexpressing FtAPDSLX1 resulted in elevated enzymatic activities of SOD and POD. These results suggest that FtAPDSLX1 may participate in the defense against Rhizoctonia solaniin in tartary buckwheat. The functional validation of FtAPDSLX1 and related studies provided a foundation for unraveling the molecular mechanisms underlying Fagopyrum tataricum's resistance to Rhizoctonia solaniand for screening disease-resistant germplasm resources.

Abstract:Prunus mume Siebold & Zucc.， known for its numerous varieties and diverse floral scents， includes cinnamyl alcohol and cinnamyl acetate as unique floral scent components in pink varieties. In plants， cinnamaldehyde is reduced to cinnamyl alcohol under the catalytic action of cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase （CAD）， which in turn forms cinnamyl acetate under the catalysis of acetyltransferase. Therefore， cinnamyl alcohol is not only a significant floral scent component in P. mume， but also a crucial precursor for the synthesis of cinnamyl acetate. This study identified 56 PmCAD homologous genes based on the updated genome of P. mume. These PmCAD family members can be categorized into five subgroups. The protein conserved motif composition of subgroups I， II， and III is relatively similar， with significant differences from subgroups IV and V， suggesting potential functional divergence. Chromosome segmental duplication and tandem duplication were identified as two forms of PmCAD replication in genome evolution. The promoters of PmCAD genes were found to extensively contain abscisic acid， methyl jasmonate， salicylic acid responsive elements， and meristem related elements， suggesting that PmCAD genes are mainly involved in the growth， development， and stress response. Phylogenetic analysis of CAD from P. mume and other species indicated that the three PmCAD genes located in subgroup III may be involved in floral scent synthesis. Heat map analysis in different tissues and organs indicated that the three PmCAD were all expressed in flowers. Furthermore， analysis of relative gene expression revealed that the expression patterns of the three candidate PmCAD genes varied at different stages of flowering， with higher expression levels after the flowers bloom. The in vitro enzyme activity analysis confirmed that all three PmCAD possess cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase activity， indicating that they jointly participate in the synthesis of cinnamyl alcohol. Subcellular localization analysis revealed differences in their intracellular distribution， suggesting distinct cellular roles. This study sheds light on the evolution and functional differentiation of the PmCAD genes in P. mume， laying a theoretical foundation for the synthesis of key floral scent components and providing theoretical bases for floral fragrance molecular breeding in P. mume.

Abstract:Chrysanthemum （Chrysanthemum morifolium） has important ornamental and economic value. Drought reduces its yield and quality， resulting in great economic losses. It is an important means to solve the above problems to dig out drought resistant genes in chrysanthemum and cultivate drought resistant varieties. MYB transcription factors are involved in plant growth and development and response to abiotic stress. This study involved the heterologous expression of the CmMYB15-like gene from chrysanthemum in Arabidopsis， followed by the observation of phenotypic changes under drought stress. The investigation of drought resistance function of this gene included measurement of relative water content （RWC）， malondialdehyde （MDA） content， soluble sugars （SS）content， superoxide dismutase （SOD） activity， and lignin content. The survival rate， relative water content， superoxide dismutase activity and soluble sugar content of overexpressed CmMYB15-like Arabidopsis thaliana were significantly increased compared with the wild type， while the malondialdehyde content was significantly decreased compared with the wild type. The length of taproot and number of lateral roots were significantly higher than those of wild type. In addition， AtPAL2， AtPAL4， At4CL1 and other lignin synthesis-related genes were significantly up-regulated， and the lignin content was significantly increased.These results indicate that CmMYB15-like is involved in the drought stress response of Arabidopsis thaliana， which provides a theoretical basis for the selection of drought-resistant gene resources and breeding of chrysanthemum cultivars.

Abstract:Lycium barbarum Linn. is a well-known salt-tolerant medicinal plant. In this study， the LbALDH3F1 gene was cloned from L. barbarum by RACE， LbALDH3F1 gene promoter sequence was also cloned by PCR. Overexpression vector pCAMBIA 2300 EGFP-LbALDH3F1 was constructed for genetic transformation and subcellular localization in Arabidopsis thaliana， detection of NaCl stress tolerance in transgenic A. thaliana and PCR identification were carried out. The results showed that the LbALDH3F1 was 1700 bp in length， with a CDS of 1446 bp， encoding 481 amino acids. The upstream promoter sequence of LbALDH3F1 was 1850 bp. The secondary structure of LbALDH3F1 was dominated by α-helix and irregular coil. The LbALDH3F1 localized in nucleus and cell membrane. With the severity of NaCl stress， the expression of LbALDH3F1 in L. barbarum showed a tendency of increasing and then decreasing， and the highest expression was found at 200 mmol/L NaCl stress. Genetic transformation of LbALDH3F1 revealed that transgenic LbALDH3F1 A. thaliana was significantly more tolerant to NaCl stress， SOD showed higher activity， proline and chlorophyll a content were significantly increased under 300 mmol/L NaCl stress， whereas H₂O₂ and MDA content were significantly lower than wild type A. thaliana under high salt stress. These results lay a foundation for further studying the function of LbALDH3F1 gene in L. barbarum and its response mechanism in response to salt stress.

Abstract:Industrial hemp （Cannabis sativa L.） is a high-value cash crop with applications in papermaking， healthcare， textiles， and other industries. The development of new industrial hemp germplasm is crucial for both breeding programs and functional genomic research. In this study， we constructed a mutant library of the variety ZHONGDAMAZI 4 （ZD4） using ethyl methanesulfonate （EMS） mutagenesis. By establishing a gradient of eight EMS concentrations， we determined that a 0.8% EMS concentration was optimal for inducing mutations in ZD4. After treating 2000 seeds with EMS solution， a total of 644 M₁ seedlings were obtained， with a germination rate of 32.2%. Ninety individual plants exhibited variations in leaf color， inflorescence， and plant height， resulting in a mutation rate of 13.98%. High-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） was used to measure the cannabidiol （CBD） content of the M₁ plants， resulting in the identification of 3 high-CBD and 2 low-CBD mutants. Sequencing analysis didn’t reveal sequence variations in the coding and promoter sequences of five key cannabinoid biosynthetic enzyme genes （CsPT4， CsOAC1， CsOLS1， CsCBDAS， and CsTHCA） in the CBD content mutants remained unchanged. However， the expression levels of these enzymes varied significantly compared to the control. It is inferred that EMS treatment induced mutations in regulatory genes affecting the CBD metabolic pathway in the mutants， thereby regulating the transcriptional expression and resulting in significant changes in CBD content. This study provides germplasm resources for industrial hemp breeding through the establishment of an EMS mutant library and lays a solid foundation for further elucidating the regulatory mechanisms of cannabinoid biosynthesis and related genes.