Abstract:Timely seed dormancy and germination ensures that plants could successively survive and subsequently propagate under various environmental conditions， which is precisely regulated by endogenous phytohormones and exogenous environmental factors. In recent years， significant progress has been made in the regulation of seed dormancy and germination by abscisic acid （ABA） and gibberellin （GA）， particularly with regard to the interaction between them. This article elaborates the molecular mechanisms underlying seed dormancy and germination regulated by the metabolism and signal transduction of ABA and GA at the transcriptional and post-translational levels. It further explores the antagonistic effects and interactions in mediating seed dormancy and germination between ABA and GA. Lastly， it comprehensively summarizes the research progress on the regulatory mechanisms by which the metabolism and signaling pathway of ABA and GA finely regulate seed dormancy and germination in response to external light and temperature signals. The aim of this review is to provide a better understanding of the hormone regulatory network of seed dormancy and germination and theoretical references for future in-depth studies on the mechanisms of seed dormancy and germination regulation by ABA and GA.

Abstract:Brassica oleracea vegetables, a group of leafy crops encompassing cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, kohlrabi, brussels sprout, and kale, face persistent challenges in production and breeding, including premature bolting and asynchronous flowering between two parents. Improving bolting resistance by molecular design breeding strategies holds significant promise. However, the genetic complexity underlying flowering regulation in B. oleracea is compounded by the diverse flowering mechanisms across subspecies and fragmented knowledge of associated regulatory genes. This review concludes optimal environmental conditions for flowering of B. oleracea vegetables and summarizes genes and variants for flowering pathways which are mainly involved in gibberellin pathway, vernalization, and photoperiodic responses on the basis of five main flower regulation pathways in higher plants. The prospect of the follow-up research on the regulation of bolting and flowering of cabbage vegetables is also suggested. A conceptual gene interaction network that integrates key regulators of bolting and flowering of B. oleracea vegetables is proposed, providing a valuable reference for improving bolting resistance of B. oleracea vegetables.

Abstract:From 2021 to 2023， the Office of the Third National Crop Germplasm Resources Census and Collection Action in Henan province carried out a comprehensive survey and collection of crop germplasm resources in 128 counties（cities） in the Henan province， P.R. China. A total of 120 rice planting information were collected， 37 rice germplasm resources were collected， and 33 of them were investigated and identified. The rice planting in Henan showed some trends of concentrated planting area， increased planting area and sharp decrease of local varieties. The collected rice germplasm resources were mainly from the northern and southern Henan rice areas. 63.64% of them were planted at an altitude of 50-100 m. Phenotypic character identification showed that japonica rice was more than indica rice， lowland rice was more than upland rice， nonglutinous rice was more than glutinous rice， fragrant rice and colored rice accounted for 27.27% and 21.21% of the total resources， respectively. The phenotypic traits of resources were rich in diversity. Most germplasms showed that the plant height was between 100.1-120.0 cm， the culm was erect and length was between 80.1-100.0 cm， green leaf sheath color and leaf blade color， double-lobed ligule shape， erect flag leaf and last second leaf， the flag leaf length was 25.1-30.0 cm and 40.1-45.0 cm， the flag leaf width was 1.51-1.75 cm， well exserted panicle extraction， intermediate panicle type， the panicle length was 15.1-30.0 cm， curved shape of panicle after maturity， multiple branches of secondary branches in panicle， awnless grain， yellow and hairy glume. Based on the phenotype，six excellent rice germplasm resources were screened out ， including Xixianxiangdaowan No.1， Sanlicun， Hanxiang No.1 F11， Maopuruandao， Heixiangnuo， Lvmi. In conclusion， this study would provide a scientific basis for the effective protection and utilization of Henan rice germplasm resources.

Abstract:The main agronomic traits and disease resistance of 225 rice germplasm resources collected during 'The Third General Survey and Collection Action of Crop Germplasm Resources in Hunan Province' project （hereinafter referred to as ‘Hunan Province Third Census’） were identified and evaluated. This collection predominantly comprised indica subspecies accounting for 94.2%， and exhibited nearly equal proportions of sticky rice （53.8%） and waxy rice （46.2%） accessions. The remarkable diversity on seed color， including white， black， red， purple， green and brown， with 41 accessions exhibiting pigmented rice traits， were observed. Their genetic variations are abundant， with coefficients of variation ranging from 6.47% to 52.54%. Most accessions showed favorable agronomic characteristics， including lodging resistance， moderate stem angle， erect flag leaf， yellow glume tip， yellow glume color， awnless and medium-long grain shape. Fourteen accessions were identified with optimal growth duration ranging from 110 to 130 days， suitable plant height （110 to 140 cm）， high seed setting rate （>90%）， strong disease resistance （medium resistance or higher）， large panicle size （≥200 grains per panicle）， and favorable 1000-grain weight （≥30 g）. Meanwhile， 13 and 20 accessions showing waxy and pigmented coloration， respectively， were identified. These germplasm resources serve as raw materials supporting the academic research and breeding for new varieties in rice.

Abstract:To identify high-quality cotton varieties with superior agronomic performance， a three-year comparative trial was conducted using 24 early and early-mid maturing upland cotton varieties. Multiple statistical analysis， including correlation analysis， principal component analysis （PAC）， clustering， and gray correlation analysis， were employed to evaluate phenotypic traits. The results show that the coefficient of variation across the three years study ranged from 0.21% to 4.18%， with 2022 exhibiting the highest variability， particularly in the number of bolls per plant and single boll weight. Trait association analysis revealed 17 significant and 37 highly significant correlations， suggesting complex interactions between agronomic traits， yield components， and fiber quality parameters. Fiber quality traits showed stronger inter-trait correlations than other trait combinations. PCA revealed four principal components accounting for 77.98% of the variability. Based on the affiliation function， gray correlation model and AHP model， an integrated evaluation system was developed. This system identified superior cultivars， such as Jinfeng 6， J8031， and Xinnongda Cotton 1， based on their comprehensive performance metrics. The comprehensive evaluation system was validated within a panel of 283 upland cotton germplasm resources and 416 self-bred elite lines. Through this screening process， high-quality materials such as A191， A110， Y228， Y210， and Y297 were identified， along with materials with poorer overall performance， including A241， A39， Y110， Y366， and Y329. Practical field tests confirmed that the evaluation results were consistent with the actual performance in the field， demonstrating that the evaluation system has a solid foundation for further promotion.

Abstract:The salt tolerance of mung bean at germination stage is an important index for its utilization in saline-alkali soil. Identification of germplasm with high salt tolerance at germination stage can improve the utilization rate of salinization land. In the present study， based the pre-experiment， we selected 1.2% NaCl as the best solution for identification of 769 mung bean accessions at their germination stage， by measuring germination rate（GR）， germination potential（GP）， germination index（GI）， relative salt damage rate and other indexes through hydroponic experiments. The results showed that the average germination rate of mung bean germplasm under 1.2% NaCl salt stress was 52.9%. Among different regions， the average germination rate of resouces from East Asia is the highest （66.5%）， while it is the highest from Northeast China （57.4%）. The degree of variation in germination potential is the highest among all indexes under salt stress （CV： 58.0%）， particularly the germplasm from the North China region， its coefficient of variation reached 63.2%. Among germplasm with different coat colors， the salt tolerance of brown-grained germplasm was notably weaker than that of other colored seeds， while the mung bean germplasm with luster seed coat had significantly greater tolerance than the dull-surfaced resources. The analysis revealed a significant correlation between the 100-seed weight and their salt tolerance， with germplasm weighing less than 3 g showing a marked decrease in salt tolerance. This study offer data support for the selection of salt-tolerant germplasm and variety breeding in mung bean.

Abstract:This study evaluated three commercial quality traits and five nutritional quality traits across 100 vegetable pea germplasm accessions of both domestic and foreign origins. The analysis focused on trait characteristics， genetic variation， and inter-trait correlations. Additionally， genetic differentiation between two populations， green peas and snow peas， classified based on their edible organs， was investigated. A comprehensive evaluation and cluster analysis were conducted using the eight quality traits. The results revealed significant variation among the germplasm for these traits， with coefficients of variation ranging from 4.85% to 95.04%. Soluble protein content exhibited the greatest variation， whereas water content showed the least. The genetic diversity index ranged from 1.33 to 2.03， with soluble sugar content displaying the highest diversity and soluble protein content showing lower diversity. The broad heritability ranged from 90.38% to 99.77%， all exceeding 90%， indicating that genetic factors predominantly account for the observed phenotypic variations. Twelve pairs of traits exhibited highly significant correlations， including a strong positive correlation （R=0.75） between total amino acid content and water content， and a negative correlation （R=-0.49） between total amino acid content and soluble protein content. The genetic differentiation coefficients between two populations ranged from 6.01% to 92.45%， with vitamin C content showing the highest differentiation and water content showing no significant differentiation. Cluster analysis classified this collection into three distnct groups. Green pea varieties were predominantly clustered in group II， while most snow pea varieties were grouped in group I. A unique cluster， group III， consisted five trait-specific snow pea varieties， highlighting the genetic relationships among the accessions. Based on trait characteristics and analytical findings， several high-quality green pea varieties were identified， including WD-123 （Zhongwan No.9）， WD-135 （Mizhen Pea）， and WD-147 （Qizhen 76）. Notably， WD-123 exhibited a remarkably high soluble protein content （73.26 mg/g）. Similarly， high-quality snow pea varieties like WD-057 （2015-11）， WD-072 （Mapi Pea）， and WD-112 （2015-44） were identified， with WD-072 showing an exceptional vitamin C content of 199.64 mg/kg. The genetic variation characteristics of pea quality traits and the genetic relationships among germplasm revealed provide valuable high-quality germplasm and a technical basis for the cultivation and subsequent genetic breeding of vegetable pea varieties.

Abstract:197 dry jujube germplasm accessions were applied in this study， a evaluation system was developed through of physical， appearance， and intrinsic quality traits， with 22 quality traits initially considered. Key indices were selected to construct the evaluation framework， and a combined approach of hierarchical analysis and gray correlation analysis were deployed to thoroughly analyze and comprehensively evaluate the fruit quality of dry jujube germplasm. Superior germplasm was identified based on weight and weighted correlation values.The results revealed significant variability in physical， appearance， and internal quality traits， with coefficients of variation ranging from 5.687% to 68.430%. Various correlations were observed among the quality traits. A significant negative correlation was observed between the adhesion of fresh jujube fruits and the chewiness of dried jujube fruits. To systematically evaluate the fruit quality traits of dried jujube germplasm， a comprehensive evaluation model was constructed using the Analytic Hierarchy Process （AHP）. Combining the results of correlation analysis， seven key traits included dried jujube chewiness， dried jujube fruit weight， dried jujube haedness， dried jujube peel flat range， dried jujube fruit color， dried jujube total soluble sugar content and dried jujube soluble solid content were contentidentified as primary indicators for assessing dried jujube fruit quality. The quality of 197 samples was systematically evaluated， leading to the identification of 15 accessions with outstanding comprehensive quality for dried jujube production.

Abstract:60 Carya hunanensis germplasm resources were selected from the core distribution area of Carya hunanensis as the research object to determine their fruit economic traits， and the germplasm with excellent comprehensive performance was obtained by genetic variation， type division and comprehensive evaluation and screening of the economic traits of Carya hunanensis fruit by variation analysis， cluster analysis and principal component analysis， in order to provide a theoretical foundation for cultivar selection and utilization of Carya hunanensis germplasm resources.The results revealed substantial variation in fruit economic traits， with coefficients of variation ranging from 5.42% to 35.05% across 20 fruit economic traits. Notably， linoleic acid， linolenic acid， thickness of green skin and dry kernel weight exhibited particularly high variability. Cluster analysis delineated three distinct groups： group I， characterized by early to late September maturation， displayed flattened round fruits with smaller size but highest kernel oil content and elecated polyunsaturated fatty acid levels； group II， maturing from mid-August to mid-September， produced larger， round fruits with thicker shells and green skin， along with highest monounsaturated fatty acid content； group III， with a maturation period for late August to mid-September， featured broadly oval fruits with thinner shell and superior dry kernel yield. Principal component analysis identified six major components accounting for 87.85% of cumulative variance. The comprehensive evaluation scores （F） for fruit economic traits ranged from -0.72 to 1.19， with superior trees numbered No. 8， No. 15， No. 6， No. 7， and No. 9. Individual trait analysis revealed outstanding specimens， including No. 31 with the heaviest green fruit， No. 46 with the thinnest green peel， No. 6 with the highest kernel oil content， No. 16 with maximal oleic acid content， and No. 11 with the highest linolenic acid content.

Abstract:To comprehensively explore the germplasm resources of Terminalia chebula Retz.， this study selected 240 candidate individual plants from the Nujiang River Basin for analysis. Nineteen fruit traits were assessed， and variation and correlation analyses were performed. Superior individual plants were identified through principal component analysis （PCA）， the affiliation function method， and a multidimensional coordinate synthesis method. The results demonstrated substantial variation in the fruit traits of T. chebula， with coefficients of variation ranging from 0.03 to 0.78 and an average of 0.21. Gallic acid content exhibited the highest variability， followed by pulp weight， total phenols， fruit weight， and kernel weight. In contrast， traits such as the fruit shape index， water extract， edible rate， and moisture content showed relative limited variation. The edible rate displayed an extremely significant positive correlation with soluble solids and total acid， as well as significant positive correlations with water extract， total phenols， and gallic acid content. These findings highlight the edible rate as a critical indicator for the selection of superior T. chebula individuals. Moreover， extremely significant positive correlation were observed among total sugar， total acid， total phenols， and soluble solids. PCA of the 19 traits yielded five principal components， collectively accounting for 74.444% of the cumulative variance. Nine exceptional elite plants were identified， with the following serial numbers： BB01， BB13， JZS22， MC18， MC20， MCC12， MK08， MK12， and SJK08. These results offer a scientific foundation for the selection and development of improved varieties of T. chebula， holding significant practical value for future cultivation and resource utilization.

Abstract:To address the shortage of locally suitable varieties and elite sorghum ［Sorghum bicolor （L.） Moench］ germplasm resources in Jiangsu's sorghum industry， the genetic variation of 400 accessions from local and global was comprehensively analyzed in northern Jiangsu， followed by statistical analysis including the Shannon-Weaver genetic diversity index， correlation analysis， cluster analysis and principal component analysis. The results showed that these accessions exhibited rich genetic diversity. Among them， the genetic diversity indices （H′ values） of the qualitative traits， such as coleoptile color， leaf color of seedling， medium vein color， panicle type， panicle shape， glume color， grain color， tillering and grain covering， were 1.0366， 0.2235， 0.6631， 1.3980， 0.9619， 1.7641， 1.7039， 1.0631 and 0.9908， respectively. In contrast， the H′ values of quantitative traits， such as period of duration， plant height， stem diameter， main panicle length， peduncle length， grain weight per spike， thousand-grain weight， glume seed percentage， and endosperm corneous were all relatively higher， showing 2.0479， 1.9254， 2.0472， 1.9822， 2.0531， 2.0314， 2.0693， 1.4375， and 1.9265， respectively. Correlation analysis revealed that plant height was significantly positively correlated with the period of duration， panicle length， peduncle length， grain weight per spike， glume seed percentage， but significantly negatively correlated with thousand-grain weight. Grain weight per spike was significantly positively correlated with period of duration and thousand-grain weight. Panicle length was significantly positively correlated with peduncle length and glume seed percentage， and significantly negatively correlated with thousand-grain weight. Cluster analysis of the quantitative traits grouped these accessions into three clusters at the Euclidean distance of 15. Cluster I， characterized by taller plants， smaller panicle and lower thousand-grain weight， is suitable for development as energy crop. Cluster II， with the characteristics of shorter panicle length and peduncle length， can serve as germplasm for dual-purpose grain and forage breeding. Cluster III， with the characteristics of dwarf， early maturity and large panicle， can be used as a foundation for germplasm enhancement and grain sorghum breeding. Principal component analysis of quantitative traits showed that the cumulative contribution rate of four principal component factors to phenotypic variation reached 85.153%， of which the contributing rate of the first principal component was 33.209%， mainly related to panicle length and peduncle length， while the contribution rate of the second principal component was 25.189%，mainly related to the grain weight per spike， and the third one was 15.427% contributed by the thousand-grain weight. The fourth was 11.328%， mainly contributed by period of duration， plant height， stem diameter and endosperm corneous. From the experimental germplasm， eight elite accessions with shorter growth duration， shorter plant height and loose panicle type， were selected， with a potential to be used in sorghum breeding programs in Jiangsu province， China.

Abstract:The phenotypic diversity analysis and comprehensive evaluation of 142 germplasms of Erythropalum scandens were carried out by means of coefficient of variation， correlation analysis， principal component analysis and cluster analysis， which laid a foundation for the breeding of E. scandens in Guangxi. The survey found that Chongzuo City and Baise City had more wild germplasm resources， followed by Nanning City. The wild germplasm mainly distributed in limestone hills， slopes， mountains， sparse forests， dense forests， with an altitude of 140-1001 m. The statistical results showed that the coefficient of variation of 11 phenotypic traits was between 2.76% and 18.75% of 142 germplasms， indicating that the genetic difference of germplasm resources in Guangxi was large. Correlation analysis showed that leaf length was significantly correlated with leaf width， length of the second branch internode， longitudinal diameter of fruit and leaf thickness. Leaf width was significantly correlated with leaf thickness and longitudinal diameter of fruit. Leaf stalk length was significantly correlated with diameter of the second branch， length of the second branch internode. Altitude was significantly positively correlated with leaf thickness， but significantly negatively correlated with leaf length， leaf width and length of the second branch internode. The results of cluster analysis showed that 142 germplasm materials could be divided into 4 categories when the Euclidean distance was 4.5， The I， II， III and IV categories contained 49， 54， 27 and 12 germplasms， respectively. Categories I and II represent the majority of wild germplasms from the Guangxi region. Most artificial cultivation germplasms are classified into Category III， which may have advantages in terms of yield. Category IV germplasms mainly originate from higher altitude areas and may exhibit better cold resistance. Principal component analysis showed that the cumulative contribution rate of the five principal components was 68.25%. Principal component 1 and principal component 2 mainly reflected leaf and branch related indicators， while principal component 3， principal component 4 and principal component 5 mainly reflected fruit related indicators. The comprehensive evaluation results showed that the top ten germplasms were all from Chongzuo City， including 5 cultivated germplasms and 5 wild germplasms， which could provide excellent parents for the breeding and improvement of new varieties of E. scandens.

Abstract:Grain protein content （GPC） represents one of the critical factors affecting rice eating quality. It is of great significance for improving this trait through analyzing its genetic regulation mechanism. This study deployed a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population derived from two japonica rice cultivars， Zhengeng 2400 and Jiahe 218， showing significant difference on grain protein content. A quantitative trait loci（QTL）-Seq was used to locate the QTLs controlling grain protein content in rice. QTL mapping and fine mapping was performed using Ici Mapping 4.1 software. Through deploying △SNP index analysis of the F_8∶9 RIL population， four QTLs on chromosomes 1， 2， and 12 were identified. Eight QTLs on chromosomes 1， 2， 6， 7， 8， 9， and 11 in the F_9∶10 RIL population were detected by the Euclidean distance （ED） method analysis. A major QTL， designated qGPC1， accounting for 13.20% of the phenotypic variation with a LOD score of 3.91， was consistently detected both in F_8∶9 and F_9∶10 RIL. Fine mapping delimited qGPC1 to a 516 kb interval between markers 1-3782 and 1-3834. Sequence analysis of a reported GPC regulatory gene OsAAP6 revealed no polymorphisms between parents， suggesting the presence of a novel regulatory gene controlling GPC. A low-GPC line with superior eating quality from the RIL population was selected as a parental donor for developing the new cultivar strain Zhendao 1818. This advanced line exhibited significantly improved palatability scores to commercial cultivars Wuyunjing 23 and Nanjing 5055， along with increased plant height， seed setting rate， and thousand-grain weigh. Collectively， this study lays the foundation for further cloning of grain protein content genes and analyzing genetic regulatory mechanisms， and provides excellent germplasm resources for improving rice eating quality.

Abstract:The root system is a critical component of rice plant， playing essential roles in plant fixation， water uptake， and nutrient acquisition. In this study， we observed that the root system of the oself3-1 mutant was significantly shorter compared to the wild type. To investigate the genetic basis of this trait， the mutant was crossed with the wild-type cultivar Sasaishiki to generate an F₂ population. Genetic analysis revealed that the mutant phenotype is controlled by a recessive single gene. Through map-based cloning， OsELF3-1 was located in a 50.9 kb interval on chromosome 6， which contains four open reading frames （ORFs）. Sequence analysis identified a 7-base pair deletion in the second exon of ORF4 （OsELF3-1）， resulting in frameshift mutation and premature termination. OsELF3-1 was hypothesized as the causal gene. Knockout mutants of OsELF3-1 exhibited significantly shorter roots the wild type Sasaishiki， thereby validating the role of OsELF3-1 in regulating root length. To further elucidate the regulatory network of OsELF3-1， we employed a yeast two-hybrid screening and identified OsARID3 as an interacting protein. OsARID3 contains several functional domains， including an ARID domain， an α-crystallin/Hsp domain， a HsP20 domain， and a potassium dependent sodium/calcium ion exchange domain. Investigation of OsARID3-RNAi mutants revealed showed that their mutants also displayed significantly shorter roots than wild type Sasaishiki， suggesting that OsARID3 is involved in the regulation of root length. Analysis of natural variation in OsARID3 using 3K rice genome sequencing data identified 15 haplotypes， with distinct differentiation between indica and japonica subspecies. Notably， japonica rice predominantly harbored haplotypes I， IV and VI. In summary， this study found that OsELF3-1 and OsARID3 interact to regulate rice root development. These findings provide a theoretical basis and valuable germplasm resources for further exploration of the regulatory networks underlying root growth and development.

Abstract:Wheat kernel color related traits L^*， a^*， and b^* are important indicators of wheat quality. To elucidate the genetic architecture underlying these traits， we conducted a comprehensive genome-wide association study （GWAS） using 243 wheat accessions from Huang-huai wheat region. Phenotypic evaluations were performed in four environments， complemented by genotyping using the wheat 660K SNP assay. We identified 785 significant SNP markers associated with kernel color traits， collectively explaining 11.4%-23.4% phenotypic variation. Marker-trait associations exhibited distinct chromosomal distributions： SNPs associated with L^* are mainly located on chromosomes 1A， 1D， 2B， 3D， 7A and 7D； SNPs associated with a^* are primarily distributed on chromosome 2A， 2B， 2D， 4B， 5B， 5D， 7A and 7D； SNPs associated with b^* are predominantly distributed on chromosome 2B， 5B， 5D， 6D， 7A， 7B and 7D. Notably， 51 SNPs showed pleiotropic effects. Thirty-six candidate genes related to the kernel color traits were identified by gene annotation， of which eight exhibited kernel-specific expression patterns. Polymorphism analysis revealed significant associations between target traits and two key genes， Pinb （TraesCS5D02G004300） and UDP-glucose/GDP-mannose dehydrogenase gene TraesCS5B02G399800. Haplotype analysis of TraesCS5B02G399800 identified distinct allelic variants significantly associated with b^*. Therefore， these findings provide valuable genomic resources for marker-assisted selection and genomic prediction strategies for wheat kernel color traits.

Abstract:To develop novel genetic materials with breeding potential and identify genetic intervals regulating grain number per spike in wheat， we conducted a comprehensive study using near-isogenic lines （NILs） through crossing the octoploid Thinopyrum ponticum derived wheat cultivars Hengguan 35 and Kenong 199. Seven yield-related traits， including plant height， effective tiller number， spike length， spikelet number per spike， grain number per spike， grain yield per plant and thousand grain weight， were systematically evaluated. Genome-wide scanning was performed using the 660K SNP array to identify polymorphic loci and conserved physical intervals between two pairs of NILs. Candidate genes were predicted through integrated analysis of gene annotation and expression profiles within the candidate regions. The results indicated that NIL pairs N81/N82 and N86/N87 exhibited significant differences in spike-related traits while maintaining genetic similarities of 98.02% and 98.78%， respectively. SNP polymorphism analysis identified three conserved genomic regions associated with spike architecture， 662-669 Mb on chromosome 1B， 19-25 Mb on chromosome 3B， and 541-548 Mb on chromosome 5B. Through integration of QTL mapping data， gene functional annotation， expression analysis， and orthologous gene comparison， we identified three putative candidate genes regulating grain number per spike： TraesCS1B02G443200， encoding malate dehydrogenase on chromosome 1B， TraesCS3B02G042400， encoding an AP2/ERF transcription factor on chromosome 3B， and TraesCS5B02G366500， encoding a C2H2-type zinc finger protein on chromosome 5B. These findings provide a theoretical reference for identifying genes regulating grain number per spike in wheat.

Abstract:Peanut web blotch， a fungal disease affecting the leaves of peanut plants， can substantially impact both yield and quality. Genetic analysis and QTL mapping of resistance genes against this disease are crucial for identifying resistant germplasm resources and advancing peanut breeding. This study employed a recombinant inbred line（RIL） population consisting of 807 individuals derived from the cross between 'Huayu 44' and 'DF12' to dissect the genetic basis through QTL mapping for resistance. The analysis showed that the resistance mechanism followed the MX1-A-AI inheritance model， characterized by a combination of one major additive gene and multiple minor-effect genes and epistatic interactions. The major gene exhibited substantial heritability across three environmental conditions （63.44%， 60.70% and 74.64%， respectively）. Through QTL mapping， we identified five QTLs， qDIA02.1， qDIA02.2， qDIB07， qDIB08， and qDIB09， distributed across four linkage groups， explaining 4.68%-15.91% of the phenotypic variation. Three QTLs， qDIA02.1， qDIB07， and qDIB09， were repeatedly detected across three environments， explaining 5.15%-9.43%， 7.62%-15.91%， and 5.24%-6.16% of phenotypic variation， respectively. qDIB07 was identified as a potential major QTL， indicating that peanut web blotch resistance is predominantly regulated by major genes. These findings provide a basis for future precisely localizing resistance genes to peanut web blotch and developing disease-resistant peanut varieties.

Abstract:Bagging-produced flat peaches have gained increasing consumer preference due to their reduced fruit cracking， enhanced visual appeal， and golden to slightly reddish fruit surface. The cultivar ‘Zhongyoupan 9’ shows a distinctive reddish coloration under bagging conditions， attributed to anthocyanin synthesis. This characteristic makes it particularly suitable for bagging cultivation， aligning with consumer preferences for optimal color and appearance. In this study， we investigated the exocarp of bagged fruits of 'Zhongyoupan 9' at 89 and 102 days after blooming （DAFB）， through an integrated approach combining transcriptomic， metabolomic， and bi-histological analyses to elucidate the coloration mechanism. Transcriptome analysis identified 2652 significant differential genes， including 16 genes associated with anthocyanin biosynthesis （PpPAL， PpC4H， Pp4CLs， PpCHSs， PpCHIs， PpF3H， PpF3'H， PpDFR， PpANS， PpUFGT， PpGST）， 56 specifically up-regulated transcription factors， and phytoreceptors PpCRY3， PpUVR8.3. These genes were up-regulated and expressed correlating with anthocyanin content. Metabolomic profiling using high performance liquid tandem mass spectrometry detected 112 significantly differential metabolites， with cyanidin-3，5-O-diglucoside showing the most substantial up-regulation （Log₂FC = 16.8）. This metabolite was identified as the primary contributor to the red coloration in the exocarp after bagging. Integrative analysis of transcriptomic and metabolomics data， combined with transcription factor profiling， revealed that PpBL and PpNAC1 up-regulated and activated the anthocyanin regulatory gene PpMYB10.1. This activation promoted the catalytic synthesis of cyanidin-3，5-O-diglucoside by anthocyanin structural genes under bagging conditions， ultimately resulting in the characteristic red coloration of ‘Zhongyoupan 9’. These findings advance our understanding of anthocyanin accumulation patterns in bagged peach fruits and provide a theoretical basis for selecting optimal peach varieties for bagging cultivation practices.