Abstract:The InDel markers have been widely used in the research fields of molecular marker-assisted breeding of fruit trees. However, there are few reports on the related studies of Chinese traditional characteristic fruit trees “Chinese bayberry”. In this study, a total of 25,831 InDels with a size distribution ranging from 1 to 50 bp were obtained through whole genome resequencing and bioinformatics analysis of 103 Chinese bayberry core germplasm. The frequency of InDel variation on different chromosomes ranged from 8,903 to 11,297bp. Among them, the frequency of InDel mutation was the highest on chromosome CM025856.1. Annotation analysis showed that 1,312 InDels were distributed in the gene exon region, and another 21,055 and 6,659 InDels were distributed in the intergenic region and intron region, respectively. Through GO annotation, the functions of the above InDels molecules mainly include binding and catalytic activity. Biological processes mainly involve cellular processes and metabolic processes. KEGG pathway analysis showed that the function of InDels gene region was mainly include secondary metabolism, carbon metabolism and nucleocytoplasmic transport. The results of genome-wide association analysis were used to obtain 20 InDels that were significantly associated with riping-stage traits of Chinese bayberry fruits. Their functional annotations mainly involved mitochondria, plastid structural genes, riboside triphosphate hydrolase and cytokinin signaling proteins. Further verification and analysis screened out the InDel EP-18 labeled Chinese bayberry fruit maturity traits identification accuracy was higher, up to 89.25%; Through gene prediction results, it was found that this locus annotation was an Early nodulin family gene. In conclusion, InDel EP-18 markers obtained in this study will provide an important theoretical basis for molecular assisted breeding of Chinese bayberry.

Abstract:Abstract: In order to explore the genetic diversity of apricot leaf morphology, and to facilitate the collection of apricot germplasm resources and variety identification. In this study, the comparative analyses were carried out by using various methods, such as descriptive statistics, principal component analysis and cluster analysis. The results showed the coefficients of variation (cv) of the 13 graded traits were all above 20%, and the three leaf traits of leaf tip length, leaf margin serration depth, and position of the widest part of the leaf blade differed greatly, which can be used as traits to distinguish leaf morphology of different apricot varieties. The magnitude of variation for the 15 quantitative traits ranged from 4.16% to 29.5%, which showed that the degree of leaf variation among apricot varieties was high, and there were a variety of types and rich genetic diversity among apricot varietal resources. Through correlation analysis, it was found that there was a highly significant positive correlation between four traits: leaf blade roundness, leaf blade rectangularity, leaf apex angle and leaf base angle; leaf base shape was highly significantly and positively correlated with leaf base angle with a correlation coefficient of 0.92, and highly significant negatively correlated with leaf length-to-width ratio; and leaf roundness was significantly negatively correlated with leaf tip length, which indicated that tip length of leaf to a certain extent could reflect the leaf shape. Through principal component analysis, the 15 quantitative traits were divided into four composite factors, and the cumulative contribution rate reached more than 85.04%. The results showed that the first principal component consisted of five traits, including leaf area, leaf circumference, leaf length, leaf width, and petiole length, which mainly reflected the traits related to the size of the leaf blade of the apricot germplasm resources; the second principal component reflected the traits related to the color of the leaf blade; and the third and the fourth principal components reflected the traits related to leaf blade shape and leaf blade serration ratio, respectively. The four dominant factors of leaf size, leaf color, leaf shape and average serration height can be used as the main phenotypic indexes for classification of apricot germplasm resources. Apricot germplasm resources were classified into 8 taxa based on cluster analysis. Taxon Ⅰ consisted of only 2 germplasm, Zao Dahuang and Chaoxianxing, which were in the large-leaved-cuneate category; Taxon Ⅱ and Ⅲ both consisted of 1 material, which was Huanna and Zhuolumuguxing, respectively; Taxon Ⅳ consisted of 18 germplasm, which were in the small-leaved-deep-green category; Taxon Ⅴ consisted of 1 Central Asian germplasm, which was in the Stella category; Taxon Ⅵ consisted of 1 material, which was in the large-leaved-cardinal category; Taxon VII consisted of 12 germplasm, which were in the large-leaved-truncate category; Taxon VIII was further classified into 6 subgroups. Taxon VII consists of 12 germplasm, which is large-leaved-truncate; Taxon VIII is further divided into six subgroups. In this study, based on the application of image recognition technology, we were able to rapidly evaluate the leaf morphology of apricot varieties and resources, and increase the length of the leaf tip, the depth of the leaf margin serration, and the position of the widest part of the leaf . These three leaf grading traits can be used as the basis for identifying different apricot varieties, which will be of certain reference value for the future evaluation of leaf morphology of China""s apricot germplasm resources and varietal identification.

Abstract:Wheat powdery mildew is a fungal disease that impacts severely on production of wheat. Identification of wheat disease-resistant germplasm and exploiting of wheat powdery mildew resistance gene from existing resources is required for sustainable improvement in disease resistance. In this study, a local wheat variety Siyuehuang with resistance to powdery mildew was identified from wheat germplasm resources in Shanxi Province. The genetic populations of Siyuehuang crossed with the powdery mildew susceptible cultivars Jinmai47 was developed to identify and analyze by artificial inoculation of single species at seedling stage. The resistance gene carried from Siyuehuang was mapped by BSA(bulked segregant analysis) and 90K SNP(single nucleotide polymorphism) chip scanning. The results showed that the resistance of Siyuehuang to wheat powdery mildew was controlled by a pair of dominant nuclear genes, and the inheritance pattern was in accordance with Mendelian inheritance law, temporarily named PmSYH. SNP microarray results showed that polymorphic SNP markers were mainly concentrated in the 110 ~ 140 Mb segment of the short arm of wheat chromosome 7D. SSR (Simple Sequence Repeats) molecular markers were developed in this genomic section, and linkage screening was performed by using resistant subpopulation and susceptible subpopulation. Six SSR markers linked to PmSYH were obtained, and the F2 population of Jinmai 47 / Siyuehuang was genotyped using these 6 SSR markers. Finally, the Powdery mildew Resistant gene PmSYH was mapped in the physical section 132.57 Mb ~ 137.47 Mb on the short arm of wheat chromosome 7D. The flanking marker were Sxau7DS-37 and Sxau7DS-48 with genetic distances 1.8cM and 3.1cM, respectively. Compared with other genes on wheat chromosome 7D, PmSYH is a new powdery mildew resistant gene. This study enriched wheat powdery mildew resistance gene resources, which has a certain value for the improvement of wheat powdery mildew in the northern winter wheat region.

Abstract:Lodging is the main problem affecting the common buckwheat production and quality in central Gansu. In this study, 76 common buckwheat germplasm resources from domestic and abroad were used as the test materials. Genetic diversity of 23 phenotypic traits associating to lodging resistance was calculated based on the Shannon-Wiener information diversity index. The lodging resistance of common buckwheat germplasms were comprehensively evaluated using the correlation analysis, principal component analysis, regression analysis，cluster analysis and stepwise discriminate analysis. 76 common buckwheat germplasm materials exhibited high genetic diversity. The diversity index distribution of different traits ranged from 2.349 to 4.331, with the diversity index of number of main stem branches being the smallest and that of the second inter-node length being the largest. The results of the correlation analysis showed that 23 characters existed in varying degrees of correlation. The results of the principal component analysis showed that the first five principal components explained 81.421% of information quantity of 23 phenotypic traits. D value of common buckwheat germplasm materials was calculated using the membership function method. The average D value was found to be 0.469, with Yuntianqiao 1 having the lowest D value (0.200) and TQ10-07 having the highest D value (0.819). Through stepwise regression, a regression equation was established with 8 traits (plant height, stem height of center gravity, the first inter-node length and wall thickness, the second inter-node length, number of main stem branches, bending degree and stem resistance) as independent variables. The equation could be used for a comprehensive evaluation of the Lodging Resistance of common buckwheat germplasm materials. Based on D value clustering, 76 materials were divided into four groups. The result of stepwise discriminant analysis showed that 5 germplasm materials were incorrectly discriminated and the identification rate was only 6.58%，which means that the result of cluster analysis is accurate and reliable. 3 materials in classⅠexhibited high lodging resistance and high D value, which could be used as parent materials for material innovation and breeding. This study shows that using multivariate statistical analysis is a feasible approach to comprehensively evaluate lodging resistance of common buckwheat germplasm, which become valuable in selection of elite germplasm resources in breeding for the lodging resistance hybrids in central Gansu.

Abstract:1307 local edible bean germplasm resources in Jiangxi were investigated and analyzed. The edible bean germplasm resources in Jiangxi were distributed in 89 counties ( cities and districts ) of 11 prefecture-level cities, among which Shangrao City, Yichun City, Ganzhou City, Jiujiang City, Ji ""an City and Fuzhou City had the largest number of resources. The distribution quantity of edible bean resources in Jiangxi decreased with the increase of altitude. he edible bean germplasm resources in Jiangxi Province cover 7 genera and 12 species. The cowpea resources have strong ecological adaptability, wide distribution area and the largest number. In addition to cowpea, the resources of mung bean, bean and adzuki bean are abundant in the low altitude areas of Jiangxi Province, and the resources of common bean and Lima bean are abundant in the middle and high altitude areas. The higher diversity index of edible beans in various cities is concentrated in the altitude of 0 ~ 500m ; cowpea, mung bean, rice bean and pea resources were abundant in Shangrao City, Yichun City, Jiujiang City, Ji ""an City and Pingxiang City. Cowpea and mung bean resources were abundant in Yingtan City, Xinyu City, Jingdezhen City and Nanchang City. Cowpea, bean and pea resources were abundant in Ganzhou City. Cowpea, rice bean and common bean resources were abundant in Fuzhou City. hrough phenotypic identification, the qualitative and quantitative traits of 449 cowpea resources with the largest number were analyzed. The diversity indexes of the eight quality traits were in the order of grain color > tender pod color > flower color > leaf shape > pod shape > mature pod color > grain shape > growth habit. The variation coefficients of pod length and 100-seed weight were the largest in quantitative traits, which had great potential for improvement. According to the comprehensive performance of agronomic traits, quality, resistance and yield, 30 excellent germplasm resources of different crop species were selected. These excellent germplasm resources of edible beans have great potential for excavation, which is of great significance for accelerating the innovative utilization of edible bean germplasm resources in Jiangxi.

Abstract:The photoperiod sensitivity of soybean limits the popularization of excellent soybean varieties for planting. In this study, we created new soybean varieties with early maturity and stable yield by reducing the sensitivity of soybean to photoperiod and expanding the planting range of good varieties. Three soybean GmphyA2 pure mutants were obtained using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. The created gmphya2 mutants encodes a truncated protein without PHY structural domain due to a base deletion resulting in a code-shift mutation. Comparisons were made to characterize the fertility, plant size, and yield of the gmphya2 mutant and the WT. The results showed that because of significantly increased expression of GmFT2a and GmFT5a during the pre-flowering period, the gmphya2 mutant flowered 5-6 days earlier and matured 6-11 days earlier relative to the WT. Although the fertility period was shortened, the single grain weight was not significantly different from that of the WT due to a significant increase in both the effective number of branches and the number of grains per plant in the gmphya2 mutant. These results indicate that the editing of GmphyA2 usingCRISPR/Cas9 technology has created a new soybean germplasm with unchanged yield per plant with shortened fertility period, which provides a new genetic resource for breeding for early maturity and high yield.

Abstract:The salt tolerance of mung bean at germination stage is an important index for its utilization in saline-alkali soil. Identification of germplasm with high salt tolerance at germination stage can improve the utilization rate of salinization land. In the present study, based the pre-experiment, we selected 1.2% NaCl as the best solution for identification of 769 mung bean accessions at their germination stage, by measuring germination rate(GR), germination potential(GP), germination index(GI), relative salt damage rate and other indexes through hydroponic experiments. The results showed that the average germination rate of mung bean germplasm under 1.2% NaCl salt stress was 52.9%. Among different regions, the average germination rate of resouces from East Asia is the highest (66.5%), while it is the highest from Northeast China (57.4%). The degree of variation in germination potential is the highest among all indexes under salt stress (CV: 58.0%), particularly the germplasm from the North China region, its coefficient of variation reached 63.2%. In terms of seed coat traits, the salt tolerance of brown-grained germplasm was notably weaker than that of other colored seeds, while the germplasm with luster seed coat had significantly greater tolerance than the dull-surfaced resources. The analysis revealed a significant correlation between the 100-seed weight and their salt tolerance, with germplasm weighing less than 3 g showing a marked decrease in salt tolerance. This study offer data support for the selection of salt-tolerant germplasm and variety breeding in mung bean.

Abstract:The phenotypic diversity analysis and comprehensive evaluation of 142 germplasms of Erythropalum scandens were carried out by means of coefficient of variation, correlation analysis, principal component analysis and cluster analysis, which laid a foundation for the breeding of E. scandens in Guangxi. The survey found that Chongzuo City and Baise City had more wild germplasm resources, followed by Nanning City, and a small number of wild germplasm resources of E. scandens were found in Hechi City, Wuzhou City, Yulin City, Fangchenggang City, Liuzhou City, Beiliu City, Pingguo City and Pingxiang City. The wild germplasm mainly distributed in limestone hills, slopes, mountains, sparse forests, dense forests, with an altitude of 140-1001 m. The statistical results showed that the coefficient of variation of 11 phenotypic traits was between 2.76% and 18.75% of 142 germplasms, indicating that the genetic difference of germplasm resources in Guangxi was large. Correlation analysis showed that leaf length was significantly correlated with leaf width, length of the second branch internode, main stem diameter, fruit longitudinal diameter and leaf thickness. Leaf width was significantly correlated with leaf thickness and fruit longitudinal diameter. Petiole length was significantly correlated with the second branch diameter, the second branch internode length and main stem diameter. Altitude was significantly positively correlated with leaf thickness, but significantly negatively correlated with leaf length, leaf width and second-order branch internode length. The results of cluster analysis showed that 142 germplasm materials could be divided into 4 categories when the Euclidean distance was 4.5, The first, second, third and fourth categories contained 49, 54, 27 and 12 germplasms, respectively. Principal component analysis showed that the cumulative contribution rate of the five principal components was 68.25%. Principal component 1 and principal component 2 mainly reflected leaf and branch related indicators, while principal component 3, principal component 4 and principal component 5 mainly reflected fruit related indicators. The comprehensive evaluation results showed that the top ten germplasms were all from Chongzuo City, including 5 cultivated germplasms and 5 wild germplasms, which could provide excellent parents for the breeding and improvement of new varieties of E. scandens.

Abstract:Rice waterlogging direct seeding can not only avoid the labor cost of raising seedlings, transplanting seedlings, and drainage, but also effectively prevent the weeds, birds and rats, therefore, has broad application prospects. However, because of the low seedling rate under waterlogged conditions, most of the rice cultivars are not suitable for waterlogging direct seeding. Lack of variety seriously limited the development and popularization of waterlogging direct seeding technology. The identification and screening of rice germplasm resources with good waterlogged seedling characteristics is an important foundation for breeding new varieties of waterlogging direct seeding rice. This study utilized domestic and foreign rice germplasm materials preserved in the Mid-term Crop Germplasm Resource Bank of Hubei Province, measured the indicators of waterlogged seedling rate, germinative force, low-oxygen germination rate, low-oxygen relative germination rate, coleoptile length, low-oxygen coleoptile length, and low-oxygen relative coleoptile length, and identified and screened out 17 rice germplasm with waterlogged seedling rates of over 50%. Correlation analysis showed that there were significant positive correlations between waterlogged seedling rate and indicators including germinative force, low-oxygen germination rate, coleoptile length, low-oxygen coleoptile length, and low-oxygen relative coleoptile length, among which the correlation index between waterlogged seedling rate and low-oxygen coleoptile length was the highest. Thus, the ow-oxygen coleoptile length could be used as an important index to identify and evaluate the waterlogged seedlings characteristics. By detecting the OsGF14h haplotype attribute of 254 rice germplasm resources, corresponding clues for study on regulation genes of waterlogged seedling characteristics were provided. This study has certain reference value for improving the screening and identification efficiency of waterlogging tolerant rice germplasm resources, exploring the regulatory genes of waterlogged seedling characteristics, and cultivating new varieties of waterlogging direct seeding rice.

Abstract:Potato is the world"s fourth largest staple crop with high yield potential. To meet the future challenges of food security, selection of early-maturing and high-yielding potato varieties with stable disease resistance is needed. In this study, in order to assist the research of new potato variety selection and breeding, and to clarify the current status of new potato varieties in China, 227 potato selection and breeding literatures in the China Knowledge Network (CNKI) database were used as research objects, and a knowledge map was constructed by using GraphRAG and Qwen2-70B-instruct and visualized by using Gephi. Based on the constructed knowledge graph, the genealogy, resistance and fertility period of new potato varieties selected and bred in China in recent years were analyzed, and the analysis results indicated that more parents used in the selection and breeding of new potato varieties in recent years were Jizhangyan No. 8, Svante, Longyan No. 7, Feiuretta, and Early Large White, etc. Most of the new potato varieties were resistant to late blight, and most of them were of medium-late to late-maturity and late-ripening fertility. In summary, this study explored the realization path of using a large language model to rapidly construct a knowledge graph for potato new variety selection and breeding research, and analyzed 227 potatoes to provide a reference for the future discovery and utilization of potato germplasm resources.