ZHAO Xuefang, ZHANG Renxu, GAO Ainong, ZHANG Jing, WANG Chunchao
2024, 25(3):413-420.DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20230817001
Abstract:Awn is an important part of spikes in crops such as wheat and barley, and plays a crucial role in improving grain yield, seed dispersal, and resistance to pests. Several awn mutants have been reported in barley, and its diploid characteristics make it an ideal genetic model for the morphological formation of awns in Triticeae crops. This study reported the genetic mapping of the gene cal-d of barley calcaroides awn-type mutant. The mutant belonged to base-hooked awn with a hooked-like structure between the top of lemma and the base of awn, and displayed a reduction significantly in plant height, spike and awn length, grain number per spike, and the delayed heading date. Genetic segregation analysis revealed that the trait of cal-d was controlled by a recessive gene. Firstly, the cal-d gene was preliminarily mapped to chromosome 3H, using the cal-d introgression line derived from a cross between BW106 and Bowman to combine the F2 population through genotyping by sequencing (GBS). With genotyping a total of 13,000 F2:3 plants derived from F2 heterozygous plants to fine-map the gene, cal-d was delimited ultimately between 153-329 Mb, where the meager recombination rate was observed. Nine candidate genes were identified by transcriptome sequencing analysis in combination with the barley genome and expression profile resource database. Collectively, the results lay the foundation for the cloning and functional verification of the cal-d gene in barley mutant, and have important significance for analyzing the function of awn in Triticeae crops.
YANG Wenjuan, SI Erjing, PAN Jiao, GUO Ming, MENG Yaxiong, WANG Juncheng, YAO Lirong, ZHANG Hong, LI Baochun, MA Xiaole, WANG Huajun
2024, 25(8):1283-1296.DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20231031007
Abstract:Barley leaf stripe is one of the most serious diseases affecting barley yield and quality. In order to determine the resistant differences of barley germplasm to Pyrenophora graminea and explore candidate markers associated with resistance to Pyrenophora graminea. In this study, we identified the genetic diversity and population structure of 137 barley germplasms by 97 SSR markers and combined them with the results of resistance identification for association analysis. The results showed that 18 accessions were identified to be immunity, 27 highly resistant, 28 resistant, 42 susceptible, and 22 highly susceptible by artificial inoculation with Pyrenophora graminea strain QWC. A total of 651 alleles were detected in 85 primer pairs, with an average of 7.57 alleles. The genetic diversity index ranged from 0.0401 to 0.8646, with an average value of 0.5799. Polymorphism information content ranged from 0.0393 to 0.8498, and the average was 0.5155, the genetic distances ranged from 0.1021 to 0.4807, with an average of 0.2774. The 137 barley germplasms were divided into four subpopulations by Cluster analysis and population structure analysis. A total of seven markers significantly (P<0.05) were obtainted to be associated with barley resistance to Pyrenophora graminea based on the general linear model, with the explained rates ranging from 5.80% to 17.89%, EBmatc0039 had the highest explained rate. EBmac77 and MGB357 were significantly associated with resistance to barley leaf stripe(P<0.01), the two markers rate of phenotypic variation explained were 6.07% and 9.60% in General Linear Model. The results of this study can provide reference for barley resistance to Pyrenophora graminea breeding.
XU Tingting, MENG Shan, ZHU Xiaopin, ZOU Shuqiong, DI Jiachun, YANG Xin, ZHU Yin, GUO Chunbin, YAN Wei
2024, 25(9):1504-1515.DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20231214001
Abstract:Molecular markers are the basic tools of genetic research, which are widely used in genetic diversity research, germplasm identification, genetic map construction and gene mapping. In this study, Barley SNP 50K chip was used to detect SNP in barley core resources with wide genetic background, and a series of dimorphic SNPs with high polymorphism were selected, and 124 KASP markers were developed. 43 barley germplasms from different geographical sources were used to test their effectiveness, and 56 KASP markers were initially screened out. Eighteen high-quality KASP markers were selected based on MAF (minor allele frequency)≥0.40 and PIC (polymorphic information content)≥0.45 criteria and applied to construct phylogenetic trees of 98 Jiangsu barley varieties. The results showed that barley materials with the same geographical origin and close relatives could be grouped into one class. These results indicate that KASP markers have guiding significance and application value in barley variety identification genetic relationship analysis of barley resources and population division. At the same time, the SNP fingerprint of 98 Jiangsu barley varieties was constructed, which verified the feasibility of KASP technique in barley varieties identification in China. The developed KASP marker can identify barley varieties accurately and quickly , which is helpful to the scientific and standardized management of barley germplasm resources and the study of genetic diversity.
BAO Yinrong, GONG Xue, DOU Tingyu, LI Shanshan, ZHAO Mengwei, GUO Aikui, TONG Enjie, MENG Yaxiong, MA Yanling
2024, 25(11):1870-1881.DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20240202004
Abstract:Variations in environmental conditions across different barley-producing regions and the selection targets for barley breeding have led to divergence of the brewing quality in different varieties. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of the brewing quality, including grain and malt quality traits, for 44 barley varieties that were bred from North America, Europe, and Australia, along with commonly grown barley varieties in China. This research has found that, the major varieties in various domestic regions have their malt quality comparable to foreign varieties differentially. For instance, the variety Longpimai 14 and Longpimai 18 from Northeast China are comparable to the imported European malting varieties. The Supi series from South region and the Ganpi series from Northwest China are comparable to the imported Australian malting varieties. The variety Zhongpimai 1 and Mengpi 3 from North China are comparable to the imported North American varieties. Compared with Chinese malting barley, the foreign varieties are mainly with lower content of β-glucan and higher of the extract. Moreover, the imported malting barley that grown in China showed their quality characters different from those grown in the original areas, as the malt diastatic power, kolbach index and β-glucan content can be affected significantly by the environment. However, most varieties from North American showed better adaptability to the growing conditions in China, without significant change on the malt quality characters in comparing with those grown at their original regions. The malt quality characters, including diastatic power and extract yield, are significantly correlated with the contents of protein, starch, and amylopectin in the grain. Given the measurement of grain quality characters are easier to handle, the grain protein, starch, and amylopectin contents can serve as initial targets for malting barley breeding. This study provided reference of malting barley varieties and guidance for the future selections of malting barley breeding in different domestic regions. It has significant meaning in improving the breeding efficiency and production of domestic malting barley.
YANG Yan-bin, YANG Xiao-meng, PU Xiao-ying, LI Xia, YANG Li-e, LU Ying-ji, ZENG Ya-wen
2023, 24(2):437-444.DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20220829001
Abstract:In order to study the effect of sowing in different seasons on the content of nutritional functional components in barley grass powder and grains, and to explore the high-efficient production technology of high-quality dual-purpose barley, 48 barley varieties (lines) from Yunan province were sown in four seasons (spring, summer, autumn and winter) for two consecutive years. The samples harvested were subjected to measure the contents of total flavones, GABA, alkaloids and proteins by spectrophotometry and Kjeldahl method, followed by the correlation analysis on the nutrient function components between barley grass powder and grains. The results showed that samples harvested from different years and seasons showed a significant difference on the accumulation of nutritional functional components in barley grass powder and grains. The average contents of the four nutritional functional components (total flavones, GABA, alkaloids and proteins) in grass powder were autumn sowing > winter sowing > spring sowing > summer sowing. These components in grains from winter sowing season were higher than those in grains from autumn sowing season. In general, the nutritional functional components of grass powder was higher than those of the grains. The nutrient functional components were greatly affected by the sowing season, showing the trend of sowing season > varieties > varieties × sowing season. As a result, excellent dual-purpose barley varieties (Aisi 4, Tengyun 4 and Yunpi 22) were preliminarily selected.
JIN Yan-long, WU Wen-xue, YE Zheng-rong, ZHANG Jian-hua, NA Ri-ma, LIU Mei-jin, WU Kun-lun, JIANG Cong-cong, YANG Ping
2023, 24(2):483-492.DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20220917001
Abstract:The hulless barley (locally referred qingke) is the staple food crop in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China, and ensuring its sustainable production is crucial to both food and national security. Since the straw of the hulless barley is of importance in yak feeding, breeding for new varieties showing dual-purpose end-use in grain consumption and forage becomes of interest. In order to establish an evaluation system suitable for hulless barley varieties, this study performed the field trials at two locations (Changdu city of Tibet; Haixi city of Qinghai) for two years (2020 and 2021) to record the performance at 15 agronomic and yield-related traits and the responses to five fungal pathogens. The plants including straw and grains at the milk maturity stage were harvested to measure the feeding quality by quantifying 15 parameters. These datasets were further evaluated by clustering analysis, multiple comparisons, principal component analysis, gray relation analysis and the analysis of productivity and stability. An evaluation method was established for selecting the hulless barley varieties for dual-purpose end-use. With the evaluation criteria, the variety Ganqing 9 was identified suitable for both grain consumption and forage. In addition, Kunlun 15 which had high grain yield production were suggested for grain consumption, and Kangqing 7 and Zangqing 22 which had high biomass and feeding quality were qualified for taking as silage.
XIANG Si-qi, YANG Hai-zhen, WANG Mu
2023, 24(4):1007-1015.DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20221231001
Abstract:To evaluate the resistance of hulless barley to barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), 245 hulless barley genotypes were tested by inoculation with viruliferous aphids under field conditions in three calendar years. The results showed that the genotype 08-1280 was highly resistant to BYDV, and six genotypes (ZYM1289, Beiqing 6, ZDM4409, Ganqing 2, Zangqing 3000, ZYM1853) were resistant. 47, 173 and 18 genotypes showed moderately resistance, susceptibility and highly susceptibility to BYDV, respectively. The genotype 08-1280 was found carrying the resistance gene Yd2 based on genotyping using molecular marker. Moreover, to gain a better understanding of physiological mechanism of hulless barley against BYDV infection, the differences in total phenol, proline, soluble sugar and soluble protein content between resistant genotype 08-1280 and susceptible genotype Kangqing 3 were investigated. At 10 days after inoculation, the contents of total phenol and proline were elevated in 08-1280, higher than that of Kangqing 3. At 30 days after inoculation, a higher increase of total phenol in resistant genotype, if compared to that of susceptible genotype, was detected, while an opposite result for the soluble sugar was observed; the soluble protein decreased dramatically in 08-1280, whereas increased in Kangqing 3. Collectively, this study provided elite germplasm resources and theoretical reference in breeding of resistant varieties and analysis of resistant mechanisms in hulless barley.
LI Ying, LIU Haicui, SHI Xiaoxu, SHI Lyu, HAN Xiao, LIU Jian, WEI Yafeng
2023, 24(5):1311-1320.DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20230301002
Abstract:In order to improve the utilization efficiency of naked barley germplasm resources in China, 398 accessions of naked barley from different regions were used to analyze the phenotypic diversity at 18 traits, followed by the analysis of coefficient of variation analysis, diversity index analysis, correlation analysis, principal component analysis and cluster analysis. The results revealed abundant variations among phenotypic traits in different resources. The diversity index of the nine quality traits was 0.66 to 2.06, with an average value of 1.42, and the highest value in plant height, kernels per spike and the smallest value in kernel rows. The traits had 4.71% (kernel color) to 61.03% (heading date) of the coefficient of variation, with an average value of 26.59%. The correlation analysis of nine quantitative traits indicated that spikes per plant, spike length, kernels per spike, thousand kernels weight and setting rate could be deployed as the main target traits for high yield naked barley varieties breeding in the future. The results of principal component analysis showed that the cumulative contribution rate of the five principal component factors was 64.297%. Among them, heading date, plant height, row type and thousand kernels weight were the main factors contributing to the phenotypic differences of naked barley. Combined with the membership function analysis, the comprehensive scores (F value) were calculated. Jiangsuyuanmai No. 33, VII-131, Yumimai, Jiangsu yuan mai No. 58, Jianhutuanliulengzi, Daimaoyuanmai, Jiangsuyuanmai No. 65, Jiangsuyuanmai No. 23, Jiangsuyuanmai No. 20 and Jiangsuyuanmai No. 22 had the highest scores. These materials were divided into four groups by systematic clustering analysis and the clustering results were not strongly correlated with geographic location. These results could provide an important reference for the utilization of naked barley accessions and variety breeding.
AN Chaodan, GAO Guangqi, YANG Ping, CHENG Xiaomao, JIANG Congcong
2023, 24(6):1725-1735.DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20230608001
Abstract:Awn is a specialized extension at the tip of lemma or glume of floret in cereal species, consisting of chlorenchyma cells and vascular bundles which support photosynthesis and nutrients transport, respectively. The awn plays important roles in plant defense, photosynthesis and grain filling, as well as facilitate the threshed grains embedding in soil and the geminated seedlings come up. Cultivated barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) has awn remained post domestication, and various morphological diversifications of the awns have been observed within natural population. Studies on genetical regulation and distribution of the barley awn variants have both theoretical and practical significance. In this study, a barley mutant with hooded awn was identified and genetically attributes to a single dominant mutation. By taking use of bulked-segregants-analysis (BSA) the mutation was mapped towards the end of short arm of the barley chromosome 4H, where the barley gene HvKNOX3 resides in the interval. A local duplication of 305 bp fragments in the fourth intron of HvKNOX3 was found to co-segregate with the hooded phenotype. HvKNOX3, which encodes a homeobox protein with function in transcriptional regulation, expressed specifically in young spikelets 1~1.5 cm long at early development and the rachis of 35 days after planting. By analyzing the sequence diversity of the HvKNOX3 among 20 representative landraces/cultivars of the barley pan-genome, the coding sequences were highly conserved while the exons or untranslated regions were detected with rich amount of variations, others are located in non-coding regions. With a co-dominant marker that captures the 305 bp fragmental duplication in genotyping of 238 Chinese barley landraces, a significant high ratio of the hooded genotype was observed amongst germplasms that collected from Tibet, providing evidence for the presumption that the hooded awn variant was originated from Himalayan area.
GUO Ming, ZHANG Jin-fu, SI Er-jing, SUN Li-sha, WEI Jian-min, LIU Hai-ying, QIAO Yan, YAO Li-rong, WANG Jun-cheng, LI Bao-chun, YANG Ke, MENG Ya-xiong, Ma Xiao-le, ZHU Jing-huan, SHANG Xun-wu, WANG Hua-jun
2022, 23(1):72-82.DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20210427002
Abstract:In order to detect the resistance genes of germplasm resources against barley stripe disease and understand their genetic diversity, in this study 91 barley accessions were inoculated with barley stripe disease pathogen by sandwich method, followed by the genetic diversity analysis using 31 polymorphic SSR markers. Of them, four accessions were identified to be complete resistance (free of diseased symptom), 6 highly resistant, 33 resistant, 42 susceptible and 6 high susceptible. Genotyping by 31 SSR markers disclosed 238 alleles, with a mean of 7.677 alleles in each of markers and the range of 2 to 19 alleles. The frequency of major loci ranged from 0.236 to 0.951, with an average of 0.394. The gene diversity index ranged from 0.094 to 0.871, with an average of 0.667. PIC ranged from 0.091 to 0.860, with an average of 0.613, while GS ranged from 0.103 to 1.000, with an average of 0.522. This collection were divided into three groups at the genetic similarity coefficient level of 0.783, each containing 86, 2 and 3 accessions, respectively. The population structure analysis suggested three groups, each including 47, 33 and 32 materials, respectively. 97.80% of 91 genotypes had Q value greater than 0.6. Gained from disease resistance identification and genotyping, this study provided reference for selecting parental lines in breeding of barley leaf stripe resistant varieties.