Abstract:Based on the farmers cognition and survey data， this article analyzed the Shaanxi excellent germplasm resources， which collected from the “Third National Survey and Collection of Crop Germplasm Resources”. These germplasm resources are mainly common bulk crops， with the highest number of vegetables crops and fruit， followed by grain crops. The characteristics of these superior resources are mainly high-quality， good appearance and strong adaptability， while taste is the most important quality trait concerned by farmers， followed by appearance and resistance. The distribution of crops is characterized by a higher concentration of fruit crops and vegetables in Guanzhong region and a greater amount of grain crops in southern Shaanxi region. The distribution pattern is influenced by both natural and human environments. Farmers cognition can truly reflect farmers subjective needs， choices of direction， and selection strategies or experiences. High quality is the main demand for farmers to retain resources， followed by appearance and adaptability factors. The selection direction is mainly to solve prominent problems， while taking into account other needs， leading to a significant correlation between main needs and their corresponding main superior traits， and secondary needs and their corresponding superior traits， with obvious signs of artificial selection. While the formation of excellent resources in Shaanxi province are influenced by the natural environment， artificial selection has made them more rich and colorful. The protection and utilization of Shaanxi excellent resources should fully consider the characteristics of resource distribution， focus on exploitation of resource value， and gradually improve the system of resource protection and utilization through establishing reasonable benefit mechanisms and management mechanisms.

Abstract:Monilinia fructicola is the predominant species causing peach brown rot in China， and developing resistant varieties is crucial through screening resistant resources against this disease. In 2022-2023， peach fruits with a maturity index of 8.0-8.5 were collected from National Peach Germplasm Resources Garden （Zhengzhou， China） for artificial inoculation and screening. In total，150 accessions were evaluated by uninjured inoculation， and 37 accessions by injured inoculation. The percentage growth of infected fruits per day （PGIF） and lesion diameter growth rate （LDGR） were used to evaluate brown rot resistance. A 9-grade resistance evaluation system was established based on the average value of PGIF and LDGR with 0.5 standard deviation， respectively. The resistance of different germplasm， flesh texture， fruit types， and origin were compared， and the correlation between resistance indexes and other fruit characters was analyzed. PGIF by non-destructive inoculation was 7.68%， and the CV value was 69.69%. In its resistance evaluation system，grade 1 included 11 accessions resistant to fruit brown rot， grade 2 included 34 accessions， grade 3 included 28 accessions， grade 4 included 21 accessions， grade 5 included 20 accessions， grade 6 included 14 accessions， grade 7 included 16 accessions， grade 8 included 4 accessions， and grade 9 included only 2 accessions. The LDGR was 0.82 cm/d， and the CV value was 31.69%. In its resistance evaluation system，grade 1 contains 1 accession with strong resistance， grade 2 contains 3 accessions， grade 3 contains 5 accessions， grade 4 contains 5 accessions， grade 5 contains 7 accessions， grade 6 contains 8 accessions， grade 7 contains 5 accessions， grade 8 contains 2 accessions， and grade 9 contains only 1 accession. It was found that landraces exhibit relatively strong resistance to brown rot. The LDGR was negatively correlated with fruit acidity， and the PGIF was negatively correlated with fruit hardness. Collectively， 11 accessions resistant to fungal invasion and 1 accession resistant to fungal expansion were identified using non-destructive and destructive inoculation methods， respectively.

Abstract:Crop germplasm resources serve as the foundational material for the development of new varieties. Advances in high-throughput phenotyping technology offer a new perspective for the exploration and utilization of superior germplasm. In this study， the time-series canopy coverage data from 1129 soybean germplasms， collected by unmanned air vehicles， along with two spatial and temporal traits， max canopy coverage （MaxCC） and canopy cover increase speed （CCSpeed）， were statistically analyzed. This analysis aimed to reveal the dynamic growth characteristics and variations of germplasm resources from different ecological regions in the field. The results showed that under the planting environments of Nanchang， Jiangxi province， the MaxCC and CCSpeed of these germplasm resources exhibited substantial phenotypic diversity， with variation coefficients of 16.09% and 49.35%， respectively. Germplasms with distinct growth habits and ecological origin varied in their MaxCC and CCSpeed； those with a determinate stem growth habit showed faster CCSpeed and a higher MaxCC. Soybean germplasms from southern ecological regions demonstrated higher MaxCC and faster CCSpeed compared from other regions. Twenty-one elite germplasms with MaxCC above 90% and the CCSpeed above 0.3 d-1 were selected. These germplasms are suitable for planting in the southern region due to their early canopy closure， which can mitigate weed pressure， thus reducing field management costs. Rapid accumulation of biomass during the early growth stage can lead to higher yields in later stages. These findings provide a material basis for the breeding of new high-yielding soybean varieties with desirable characteristics and hold significant implications for soybean production.

Abstract:To explore the phenotypic diversity of A. crenata germplasm resources， 32 phenotypic traits of 56 A. crenata germplasm resources were analyzed using variance analysis， correlation analysis， principal component analysis， and cluster analysis. Diversity analyses showed that 56 A. crenata germplasm had enriched variation， with the Shannon-Wiener indices of 18 qualitative traits varying from 0.300 to 1.247， with a mean value of 0.734， and 14 quantitative traits with Shannon-Wiener indices ranging from 1.931 to 2.071， with a mean value of 2.007， and coefficients of variation 8.98%-46.32%， mean value 23.3%. The results of the correlation analysis showed that fruit transverse and longitudinal diameters had the highest correlation， fruit skin color was highly significantly positively correlated with fruiting branch total axis color， fruiting branch sub-axis color， fruit stalk color，and internode length was highly significantly positive correlated with plant height， current year trunk height. Principal component analysis indicated that eight principal components with a cumulative contribution of 76.34%， mainly plant and fruiting branch length， fruit and leaf color， were the main factors for phenotypic differences in A. crenata germplasm； four excellent germplasm resources of A. crenata with high composite scores were obtained by screening. Cluster analysis could classify the 56 A. crenata germplasm into six taxa， and there were large differences in phenotypic traits among different taxa. The abundant phenotypic diversity and varietal types provide a basis for the selection， development， and utilization of superior germplasm resources of A. crenata.

Abstract:In response to the increasing endangerment of wild adzuki bean and its wild relatives in Liaoning province， a rescue-oriented collection effort was conducted across 36 districts （counties） in 14 cities within the province. The collected resources were evaluated for bruchid resistance. The results revealed that Vigna angularis var. nipponensis are primarily distributed in the central and eastern regions of Liaoning， especially along the eastern coastal areas， while Vigna radiata var. sublobata and Vigna minima are mainly found in the western regions. A total of 262 germplasm accessions of wild adzuki bean and its wild relatives were collected. The study highlights the severe endangerment of these species in Liaoning province， with urbanization and human activities identified as the primary drivers of this threat. Significant differences were observed between wild and cultivated adzuki bean in growth habits， stem characteristics， pod color， and seed color. Additionally， the evaluation of bruchid resistance identified two highly resistant and one resistant germplasm accessions. This is the first time that bruchid-resistant adzuki bean resources have been identified both domestically and internationally. These findings provide a critical foundation for the conservation and utilization of rare and endangered wild adzuki bean resources and its wild relatives in China and offer valuable germplasm for breeding bruchid-resistant adzuki bean cultivars.

Abstract:1307 local edible bean germplasm resources in Jiangxi province， China， were investigated and analyzed. These germplasm resources are distributed across 89 counties （cities and districts） in 11 prefecture-level cities， with the highest number of resources found in Shangrao， Yichun， Ganzhou， Jiujiang， Jian and Fuzhou cities. The distribution quantity of edible bean germplasm resources decreases with increasing altitude. These germplasm resources belong to 7 genera and 12 species， with cowpea resources exhibiting the strongest ecological adaptability， the widest distribution area and the largest number. In addition to cowpea， mung bean， bean and adzuki bean resources are abundant in the low altitude areas， while common bean and Lima bean are more prevalent in the mid- and high-altitude areas. The higher diversity indices of edible beans in various cities are concentrated at altitudes of 0 to 500 meters. Cowpea， mung bean， rice bean and pea resources are abundant in Shangrao， Yichun， Jiujiang， Jian and Pingxiang cities. Cowpea and mung bean resources are abundant in Yingtan， Xinyu， Jingdezhen and Nanchang cities. Cowpea， bean and pea resources are abundant in Ganzhou city. Cowpea， rice bean and common bean resources are abundant in Fuzhou city. Through phenotypic identification， the qualitative and quantitative traits of 449 cowpea resources， which had the largest number， were analyzed. The diversity indices at the eight quality traits were ranked （grain color>tender pod color>flower color>leaf shape>pod shape>mature pod color>grain shape>growth habit）. The variation coefficients of pod length and 100-seed weight were the largest among quantitative traits， indicating significant potential for improvement. Based on the comprehensive performance of agronomic traits， quality， resistance and yield， 30 elite germplasm resources were identified. These germplasm resources have great potential for further exploration and are of great significance for accelerating the innovative utilization of edible bean germplasm resources in Jiangxi province， China.

Abstract:Rice is a salt-sensitive plant， and soil salinization significantly impacts rice performance. Therefore， exploring excellent haplotypes of salt-tolerant genes and generating elite germplasm are of great significance for rice breeding. In this study， we firstly analyzed 236 core germplasm lines collected from the 3K Rice Genome Project Database， for salt tolerance during the seedling stage and throughout the entire growth period in the field. A highly salt-tolerant germplasm ‘71011’ from Australia was identified. This germplasm survived for 25.5 d and exhibited a salt tolerance level of 5.2 under 150 mmol/L NaCl treatment conditions， with a 100% survival rate under 0.3% to 0.5% salt treatment in the paddy field. We further conducted haplotype analysis on 20 reported salt tolerance genes in the core collection. Eight genes， including AKT1， CPK12， MYB48， P5CS1， SIK1， SKC1， SNAC1， and HKT1， were identified as having haplotypes associated with salt tolerance. One salt-tolerant variety ‘Yanfeng 47’ and one normal variety ‘Nongken 57’ were selected as parents to generate recombinant inbred lines. Finally， three molecular markers， which have been confirmed by PCR and qRT-PCR， were designed for selecting elite haplotypes of three genes， AKT1， MYB48， and HKT1. Through marker-assisted selection， we successfully developed three high salt-tolerance lines by aggregating these elite haplotypes. Our results provide available germplasm resources， molecular markers and innovative lines for breeding new salt-tolerant rice varieties.

Abstract:Rice germplasm resources are important foundation for rice genetic improvement and new variety breeding. The study of genetic diversity of rice germplasm resources plays an important role in broadening the genetic background of rice. In this study， genetic diversity analysis of 20 important agronomic traits of 1775 rice germplasm resources was carried out using multiple analysis methods.The results showed that the variation coefficients of agronomic traits varied considerably， ranging from 4.42% （grain thickness） to 89.75% （empty seed）， and empty seed had richer genetic variation. And the changes in the genetic diversity index ranged from 1.585 （empty seed）~2.069 （heading date）， with richer diversity in heading date. Through the separate analysis of germplasm from 11 provinces （cities），it was found that the germplasm from Jilin province had richer diversity in seven traits such as panicles per plant and spikelets per panicle；the germplasm from Yunnan province had richer diversity in four traits such as first heading date and panicle length； and the germplasm from Heilongjiang province had richer diversity in three traits such as heading date.The results of different types of germplasm showed that 11 traits were more abundant in landrace， such as flag leaf length and plant height； and the 9 traits were more abundant in advanced cultivar， such as growth stage traits and panicles per plant .The correlation analysis showed that 149 correlation coefficients reached the highly significant level （P<0.01）， among which three growth stage traits had highly correlated with other agronomic traits ， for example first heading date. Principal component analysis revealed that the first six principal components had a cumulative contribution of 79.309% and the trait related to growth stage had the highest contribution.Through cluster analysis，1775 rice germplasm were classified into three clusters. The germplasm from the three northeastern provinces as well as Beijing and Hangzhou was cluster I.The germplasm in this cluster was richer in genetic diversity for 10 traits， such as first heading date， tillering number， and panicles per plant， which can provide excellent germplasm for innovation of rice germplasm resources and the selection and breeding of new varieties in the future. ClusterⅡ contains only Ningxia germplasm， which indicates that the germplasm resources of Ningxia are distantly related to those of other provinces （cities）， and can play an important role in broadening the genetic base of rice germplasm resources in the future. Cluster III contains Hebei， Shandong， Yunnan， Jiangsu and Xinjiang germplasm. The genetic diversity of grain length in this cluster is more abundant， which can provide abundant germplasm for rice quality breeding in the future.

Abstract:Drought is one of significant environmental stresses in the Tibetan Plateau region. Breeding drought-tolerant varieties in Qingke （Tibetan hulless barley） is an effective strategy to enhance its drought resistance. In this study， we evaluated the drought resistance of 246 Qingke germplasm resources at both the seedling and reproductive stages. The drought resistance was classified by measuring relative electrolyte leakage at the seedling stage， and at the reproductive stage， plant height （PH）， spike length （SL）， kernels per ear （KN）， and thousand grain weight （TGW） were measured and analyzed. A comprehensive evaluation model （D-value） was developed to identify suitable evaluation indices for drought resistance. The results showed that drought stress resulted in a significant decrease of 5.39% to 18.87% in the four drought-related traits at the reproductive stage， with spike length being the most sensitive and significantly correlated with drought resistance. The coefficients of variation of these traits ranged from 11.98% to 24.96%， highlighting substantial variation in drought resistance among the germplasms. Specifically at the seedling and reproductive stages， 21 and 36 were identified as highly-resistant/resistant accessions， respectively， and 84 and 71 were identified as highly-sensitive/sensitive accessions， respectively. When combining the results from both stages， three accessions showed highly-resistant/resistant， and 26 accessions showed highly-sensitive/sensitive. However， there was no significant correlation between relative electrolyte leakage and the comprehensive evaluation D-value. Collectively， this study provides valuable germplasm resources for future breeding programs and deciphering the drought-tolerance mechanisms during critical growth periods of Qingke.

Abstract:From 2021 to 2023， the Office of the Third National Crop Germplasm Resources Census and Collection Action in Henan province carried out a comprehensive survey and collection of crop germplasm resources in 128 counties（cities） in the Henan province， P.R. China. A total of 120 rice planting information were collected， 37 rice germplasm resources were collected， and 33 of them were investigated and identified. The rice planting in Henan showed some trends of concentrated planting area， increased planting area and sharp decrease of local varieties. The collected rice germplasm resources were mainly from the northern and southern Henan rice areas. 63.64% of them were planted at an altitude of 50-100 m. Phenotypic character identification showed that japonica rice was more than indica rice， lowland rice was more than upland rice， nonglutinous rice was more than glutinous rice， fragrant rice and colored rice accounted for 27.27% and 21.21% of the total resources， respectively. The phenotypic traits of resources were rich in diversity. Most germplasms showed that the plant height was between 100.1-120.0 cm， the culm was erect and length was between 80.1-100.0 cm， green leaf sheath color and leaf blade color， double-lobed ligule shape， erect flag leaf and last second leaf， the flag leaf length was 25.1-30.0 cm and 40.1-45.0 cm， the flag leaf width was 1.51-1.75 cm， well exserted panicle extraction， intermediate panicle type， the panicle length was 15.1-30.0 cm， curved shape of panicle after maturity， multiple branches of secondary branches in panicle， awnless grain， yellow and hairy glume. Based on the phenotype，six excellent rice germplasm resources were screened out ， including Xixianxiangdaowan No.1， Sanlicun， Hanxiang No.1 F11， Maopuruandao， Heixiangnuo， Lvmi. In conclusion， this study would provide a scientific basis for the effective protection and utilization of Henan rice germplasm resources.