Abstract:Variations in environmental conditions across different barley-producing regions and the selection targets for barley breeding have led to divergence of the brewing quality in different varieties. In this study， we conducted a comprehensive analysis of the brewing quality， including grain and malt quality traits， for 44 barley varieties that were bred from North America， Europe， and Australia， along with commonly grown barley varieties in China. This research has found that， the major varieties in various domestic regions have their malt quality comparable to foreign varieties differentially. For instance， the variety Longpimai 14 and Longpimai 18 from Northeast China are comparable to the imported European malting varieties. The Supi series from South region and the Ganpi series from Northwest China are comparable to the imported Australian malting varieties. The variety Zhongpimai 1 and Mengpi 3 from North China are comparable to the imported North American varieties. Compared with Chinese malting barley， the foreign varieties are mainly with lower content of β-glucan and higher of the extract. Moreover， the imported malting barley that grown in China showed their quality characters different from those grown in the original areas， as the malt diastatic power， kolbach index and β-glucan content can be affected significantly by the environment. However， most varieties from North American showed better adaptability to the growing conditions in China， without significant change on the malt quality characters in comparing with those grown at their original regions. The malt quality characters， including diastatic power and extract yield， are significantly correlated with the contents of protein， starch， and amylopectin in the grain. Given the measurement of grain quality characters are easier to handle， the grain protein， starch， and amylopectin contents can serve as initial targets for malting barley breeding. This study provided reference of malting barley varieties and guidance for the future selections of malting barley breeding in different domestic regions. It has significant meaning in improving the breeding efficiency and production of domestic malting barley.

Abstract:This study reported the evaluation of the grain quality traits of rice landraces that were collected from The Third National Action on Crop Germplasm Resources Survey and Collection in 2017-2021. Out of 165 white and red grain samples， the highest variation coefficient was observed on the chalkiness of sticky rice， of which the coefficient of indica white grain was as high as 148.91%. The transparency was also detected with high variation coefficient， while the coefficient of brownish was below 5.0%. The variation coefficient of the waxy ratio amongst waxy rice was over 70.0%， the whiteness and the amylose content have lower value of the variation coefficient， while that of the three indexes including brownish， alkali elimination value and gel consistency were below 10.0%. In terms of the grain quality indexes that reaching the standard， the qualified ratio of whole grains or their chalkiness of sticky rice were below 50%， while the qualified ratio of other indexes were above 65.0%. For the glutinous rice， the qualified ratio of whole grains and the amylose content were around 50.0%， and that of the other indexes was higher than 65.0%. The cooking and edible quality is an important aspect in evaluating high-quality rice as well. Among all the varieties of sticky rice and glutinous rice， 60.7% and 35.4%， respectively， of which have reached or above the Grade 3 level issued by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs on the three indexes of cooking and edible quality. Compared with the landraces that were collected during the second national survey in Fujian， the amount of landraces with high value of cooking and edible quality has increased significantly within the third survey. Through this study， 10 landraces were identified reaching the high-quality standard issued by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs， which provide a material basis for the development of high-quality rice varieties in the future. In addition， 15 germplasms with high amylose content have been identified， which can be used as new raw materials for processing purpose specifically. The mid-colored rice were found with relatively rich amount in local landraces， accounting for about 20.0% of the total， they can provide valuable resources for future breeding and production of rice varieties with special function. In the future， works on the evaluation of grain quality for local landraces should be improved， and excellent germplasm resources would provide a material basis as well as promote the breeding of new superior rice varieties.

Abstract:In order to enrich the genetic diversity of common wheat, an EMS (Ethyl Methane Sulfonate)-induced mutagenesis population using the elite variety Jimai 22 was produced and the phenotypic variation in M2 generation plants was analyzed. The seed quality-related traits in M8 mutants showing excellent agronomical performance were further investigated. The results showed that: (1) out of 22599 M2 mutant plants, 5002 showed visible phenotypic variations with a rate of 22.13%. The phenotypic variations on fertility, growth period, ear, awn, leaf, plant type, tiller, plant height, grain color were observed. These mutants with bigger spike, multiple tillers, short stem, single stem, increased grains, no wax, leaf degradation and sterility were detected. (2) In M8 mutagenized lines, the morphological variations on grain shape, grain length, fullness and grain color were found. The variation coefficient regarding to eight quality-related traits was calculated (maximum tensile resistance > tensile area > stability time > sedimentation value > hardness >protein content > wet gluten content > water absorption). Eight mutant lines showing improved performance (in relative to Jimai 22) had been identified. For example, four lines including 403-1, 403-2, 403-3 and 85-2 showed significant improvement on at least 3 characters. Collectively, these mutants provided germplasm resource valuable for wheat breeding and deciphering the gene function.

Abstract:The study was aimed to prove up the relationship of 1000-grain weight with yield and quality in japonica hybrid rice. 4 BT-type CMS lines and 24 three-line japonica restorer lines with major difference in 1000-grain weight were crossed in p×q incomplete diallele design to study heterosis of 1000-grain weight in F1 hybrids and the correlations between 1000-grain weight of hybrids and their parents with yield and quality. The results were as follow:⑴56.3% of combinations tested had heterosis over their parents mean in 1000-grain weight, and 19.8% of combinations tested had positive super-parent heterosis. ⑵ The correlations of female, male parents and average of parents with F1 hybrids were very significantly correlated in 1000-grain weight（r=0.33**,0.71**,0.78**）. 1000-grain weight character was more greatly influenced by restorer line than by CMS line.⑶1000-grain weight of F1 hybrids, male parents and average of parents had high significant positive correlation with yield per plant of F1 hybrids（r=0.55**,0.47**,0.51**）. The correlation between 1000-grain weight of female parents and yield per plant of F1 hybrids was not significant.⑷1000-grain weight of F1 hybrids and their male parents had high significant positive correlation with brown rice rate, milled rice rate, head milled rice rate, chalky grain rate, chalkiness, grain length and grain width. They had significant positive correlation with endosperm translucency. 1000-grain weight of female parents had high significant positive correlation with chalky grain rate, chalkiness, grain length. It had significant positive correlation with grain width. ⑸The range of 1000-grain weight of hybrid Japonica with high quality and yield was 25.1 g-27.0 g.

Abstract:Eleven grain quality traits of 76 cultivars (lines) from Yunnan Provincial were analysed using the method of phenotypic principal component and cluster analysis. The results indicated that: (1) The mean of amylose content and milled rice rate met 1 and 3 level of edible rice grain quality standard, respectively. And those of brown rice rate, transparency, alkali digested value and gel consistency fit 2 level of that standard.Whereas those of other traits were below 3 level. Among variation coefficients of the grain quality traits, those of brown rice rate and alkali digested value were lowest,,while that of chalky area was highest, and the follow was chalky rice rate . (2) There existed complex relationship among rice grain quality traits. (3) The cumulative contribution rate of milled rice rate, chalky rice rate and chalky area to grain quality was 49.6% among six principal component factors affecting grain quality traits. (4) 76 cultivars (lines) could be classified into four groups according to genetic distance. There were 52 cultivars in No.1 groups, indicating near genetic distance and narrow genetic basis among most of the cultivars. In order to improve the grain quality of Yunnan japonica cultivars, chalky rice rate and chalky area should be reduced while milled rice rate and head rice rate are necessary increased .At the same time, it is also important to broaden the genetic basis in japonica rice breeding.

Abstract:Grain qualities between the compact panicle type Japonica rice (CPJR) and the loose panicle type Japonica rice (LPJR) were compared. The results showed that obvious differences of chalkiness among varieties in the two panicle types of rice. The average chalkiness of the two CPJR varieties (lines) was worse than the two LPJR varieties. The chalky grain rate of EA6 with CPJR was about 1/2 that of Xiushui 63 (same CPJR as EA6), similar to Xiushui 11 with LPJR, and about one time higher than Koshihikari (a Japanese variety with LPJR and excellent grain qualities). The chalkiness degree of EA6 was about 1/2 that of Xiushui 63 and Xiushui 11, respectively, and above one time higher than Koshihikari. The chalkiness traits of grains situated different part of panicle showed that actions of the chalkiness were more significant on the total chalkiness of varieties (lines) in the bottom grain than the top and the middle ones within panicle, and that the actions were stronger on CPJR than LPJR. In addition, EA6 also showed significantly or much significantly better all the testing characters except scent than Xiushui 11, and approximate majority testing characters compared with Koshihikari. However, Xiushui 63 with CPJR showed almost similar in all the testing characters to Xiushui 11, and significantly worse ones except scent than Koshihikari. The above results implicated that it was possible for CPJR to reach, even exceed LPJR in grain qualities.

Abstract:The rice grain quality and nutrition analysis of introduced giant embryo rice were conducted in this paper. The results showed that the embryo weights of introduced giant embryo rice were 3- 5 times as much as those of common rice, and contents of several nutrients such as protein, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, manganese, vitamin E, vitamin B6, and dietary fibre were much higher than those of common rice, indicating the giant embryo rice is a very good raw material for the processing of baby foods.

Abstract:The grain quality status of japonica varieties and agronomic and grain quality characters of erect panicle typical japonica varieties bred in the recent 10 years in Huaibei region in Jiangsu province were analyzed. The results showed that erect panicle japonica varieties which were bred in early stage showed low process quality, high chalkiness rate and large chalkiness degree, and rather high protein content. But these grain quality characters were improved in recent breeding, and taste quality also was changed. There were the trends that total grain numbers per ear increased, grain density decreased, ear lengthened in recent bred varieties. The main factor resulting in the high yield was that grain numbers per ear increased.

Abstract:The upland rice variety IRAT359 has no fine hair in leaf and grain husk. It has higher tillering a-bility and drought resistance, and higher grain yield and grain quality. It can be cultivated in Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan and Guangxi provinces with irrigation condition, as well as Yangzhi river area with more amount of rainfall.

Abstract:Six identical japonica rice varieties from two sources were cultivated in the field. One set was from seeds stored in the National Long-term Genebank and was used as the control, and the other was from the seeds having higher regeneration cycles and being used in the production all along. Differences between the two sources on seedling emergence rate, growth duration, agronomic traits and grain quality were studied. Deterioration in chalky quality was observed for rice of higher regeneration cycles on five of the six varieties, whereas no significant differences were shown for other quality traits. On the other hand, the number of filled grains per panicle was lower for those from the genebank, indicating that long time storage in low temperature might result in a decline of grain number. In addition, emergence rate of stored seeds was also relatively lower than that of higher regeneration cycles.