2023, 24(1):1-10.
DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20221127001
Abstract:
Crop germplasm are basic resources for global food security and sustainable development and material base for original innovation of agricultural science and technology and development of modern seed industry. The science of crop germplasm resources is a scientific discipline devoting to the research on diversity and its use of crops and their wild relatives. The three basic theories of the science include the theory of centers of origin of cultivated plants， the law of homologous series in variation and the synergistic evolution theory of crop germplasm resources and cultural environments and social development. The basic attributes of the science include genetic diversity， genetic specificity， genetic integrity and genetic accumulativeness. The science covers theories， technologies， management and systems involving in survey， conservation， evaluation， research， germplasm enhancement and sharing service of crop germplasm resources. This paper establishes the theoretical framework of the science of crop germplasm resources， defines basic concepts and attributes related， and proposes development strategies of the science， esp. in China.
Crop germplasm are basic resources for global food security and sustainable development and material base for original innovation of agricultural science and technology and development of modern seed industry. The science of crop germplasm resources is a scientific discipline devoting to the research on diversity and its use of crops and their wild relatives. The three basic theories of the science include the theory of centers of origin of cultivated plants， the law of homologous series in variation and the synergistic evolution theory of crop germplasm resources and cultural environments and social development. The basic attributes of the science include genetic diversity， genetic specificity， genetic integrity and genetic accumulativeness. The science covers theories， technologies， management and systems involving in survey， conservation， evaluation， research， germplasm enhancement and sharing service of crop germplasm resources. This paper establishes the theoretical framework of the science of crop germplasm resources， defines basic concepts and attributes related， and proposes development strategies of the science， esp. in China.
2022, 23(1):1-11.
DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20211202001
Abstract:
Synergistic evolution theory of crop germplasm resources and cultural environments is about the interference, interaction, and interpromotion between each other. On one hand, culturing different crops in a specific environment will lead to the formation of corresponding dietary traditions and cultural environments, on the other hand; dietary traditions and cultural environments will in turn have a profound influence on the formation of crop germplasm resources and might even lead their evolution. The genetic basis of this theory is that after the natural hybridization or mutations of the crops occurred during the processes of their dissemination and improvements, they are targeted and fixed under the artificial selection of the specific cultural environments, the frequency of the recombinant or mutant genes continues to accumulate and increase in the population, and finally form new crop and their germplasm resources adapted to the specific cultural environments. Modern crop breeding is also guided by this theory to a certain degree, which greatly promoted the evolution processes of crops and their germplasm resources. Taking the Customary System of Chinese traditional dietary culture as an example, this paper investigated the impact of dietary tradition on the evolution of crop germplasm resources from four aspects: waxy germplasm, steaming preference, rich varieties of vegetables and fruits, and use of whole-plant material. In view of the protection and utilization of crop germplasm resources in the future, suggestions were proposed, including paying attention to farmers’ rights and original habitats of crops, and following the basic law of “if there were character differences and genetic mutations, then select” to accelerating the landrace, crop wild relatives preservation and utilization, genomics research, and crop improvement as well as their positive evolution.
Synergistic evolution theory of crop germplasm resources and cultural environments is about the interference, interaction, and interpromotion between each other. On one hand, culturing different crops in a specific environment will lead to the formation of corresponding dietary traditions and cultural environments, on the other hand; dietary traditions and cultural environments will in turn have a profound influence on the formation of crop germplasm resources and might even lead their evolution. The genetic basis of this theory is that after the natural hybridization or mutations of the crops occurred during the processes of their dissemination and improvements, they are targeted and fixed under the artificial selection of the specific cultural environments, the frequency of the recombinant or mutant genes continues to accumulate and increase in the population, and finally form new crop and their germplasm resources adapted to the specific cultural environments. Modern crop breeding is also guided by this theory to a certain degree, which greatly promoted the evolution processes of crops and their germplasm resources. Taking the Customary System of Chinese traditional dietary culture as an example, this paper investigated the impact of dietary tradition on the evolution of crop germplasm resources from four aspects: waxy germplasm, steaming preference, rich varieties of vegetables and fruits, and use of whole-plant material. In view of the protection and utilization of crop germplasm resources in the future, suggestions were proposed, including paying attention to farmers’ rights and original habitats of crops, and following the basic law of “if there were character differences and genetic mutations, then select” to accelerating the landrace, crop wild relatives preservation and utilization, genomics research, and crop improvement as well as their positive evolution.
2023, 24(1):11-21.
DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20230104001
Abstract:
Since 1990s， scientists have mapped many quantitative trait loci through bi-parental populations such as NILs， DH， and IBD in plants through co-segregation between traits and markers. A set of important genes have been isolated by fine mapping， which are relating to biotic and abiotic stress resistance， environment adaptation， quality， and yield. These bring a lot of new biological knowledge. However， most of these genes were selected successfully in domestication and breeding.By 2010， with the establishment of reference genome sequences for most crops， genome re-sequencing has broken the limitation of the number of molecular markers， driving crop genetic research fully entering the genome era. Millions of SNP markers have made genome-wide association study （GWAS） widely used in genetic resources research， making it the most important part of germplasm resources research in the past 10 years. In this golden period， dissecting genetic basis of important agronomic traits through GWAS has become the main content of Cell， Nature and Science and their sub-publishers.In the last century， the establishment and development of crop breeding science promoted establishment of germplasm resource discipline. The development and wide application of genomics in this century has gradually formed a new situation in which research of germplasm resources promotes the development of breeding. Many problems that plague breeders have received important enlightenment or answers through GWAS analysis （such as tomato domestication， breeding history， contradiction between quality and yield， founder genotype， etc.）. Further， the pan-genome research breaks through the limitations of a single reference genome， makes researchers realize the universality of genomic structural variations within a species， and provides a broader perspective for analyzing the formation of landmark cultivars， founder genotypes and the creation new super-cultivars. NAM， MAGIC， and the ideas and practice of constructing new multi-parents genetic mapping populations based on these can make the background level of the mapping population basically reaching the level of the breeding population at the same time， speeding up the fine mapping of agronomically important genes and pre-breeding. This has driven integration and interaction of germplasmics， genomics and breeding. Furthermore， in assistance of speed breeding and gene editing technology， the integration and interaction will surely promote the three disciplines to enter a new time.
Since 1990s， scientists have mapped many quantitative trait loci through bi-parental populations such as NILs， DH， and IBD in plants through co-segregation between traits and markers. A set of important genes have been isolated by fine mapping， which are relating to biotic and abiotic stress resistance， environment adaptation， quality， and yield. These bring a lot of new biological knowledge. However， most of these genes were selected successfully in domestication and breeding.By 2010， with the establishment of reference genome sequences for most crops， genome re-sequencing has broken the limitation of the number of molecular markers， driving crop genetic research fully entering the genome era. Millions of SNP markers have made genome-wide association study （GWAS） widely used in genetic resources research， making it the most important part of germplasm resources research in the past 10 years. In this golden period， dissecting genetic basis of important agronomic traits through GWAS has become the main content of Cell， Nature and Science and their sub-publishers.In the last century， the establishment and development of crop breeding science promoted establishment of germplasm resource discipline. The development and wide application of genomics in this century has gradually formed a new situation in which research of germplasm resources promotes the development of breeding. Many problems that plague breeders have received important enlightenment or answers through GWAS analysis （such as tomato domestication， breeding history， contradiction between quality and yield， founder genotype， etc.）. Further， the pan-genome research breaks through the limitations of a single reference genome， makes researchers realize the universality of genomic structural variations within a species， and provides a broader perspective for analyzing the formation of landmark cultivars， founder genotypes and the creation new super-cultivars. NAM， MAGIC， and the ideas and practice of constructing new multi-parents genetic mapping populations based on these can make the background level of the mapping population basically reaching the level of the breeding population at the same time， speeding up the fine mapping of agronomically important genes and pre-breeding. This has driven integration and interaction of germplasmics， genomics and breeding. Furthermore， in assistance of speed breeding and gene editing technology， the integration and interaction will surely promote the three disciplines to enter a new time.
2023, 24(1):22-31.
DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20221120001
Abstract:
Crop germplasm resources are the heritages of human through long-term breeding and passing on process， and strategic resources of ensuring food security and sustainable agricultural development. The property rights regime plays a key role in ensuring the national germplasm resources safety， encouraging the germplasm enhancement activities， and promoting the conservation and sustainable utilization of crop germplasm resources. In China， the property rights regime is complex， and protection system is incomplete. This paper， on the basis of elaborating the theory framework of crop germplasm resources， elaborates the concepts and contents of human rights to survival， sovereign rights and farmer's rights， which form the basic rights over crop germplasm resources； explores the options and possibilities on recognizing and granting the ownerships of state， community and individual for property rights over crop germplasm resources； expounds the functions of protecting crop germplasm resources by intellectual property rights， including plant new variety rights， trademark rights， geographic indicators， important heritage of agricultural culture and patent rights. Finally， authors look into the trends and propose the priorities in developing property rights system of crop germplasm resources in view of the actual needs in ensuring food security and sustainable agricultural development. It is a reference for researchers and policy makers on the areas of crop germplasm resources.
Crop germplasm resources are the heritages of human through long-term breeding and passing on process， and strategic resources of ensuring food security and sustainable agricultural development. The property rights regime plays a key role in ensuring the national germplasm resources safety， encouraging the germplasm enhancement activities， and promoting the conservation and sustainable utilization of crop germplasm resources. In China， the property rights regime is complex， and protection system is incomplete. This paper， on the basis of elaborating the theory framework of crop germplasm resources， elaborates the concepts and contents of human rights to survival， sovereign rights and farmer's rights， which form the basic rights over crop germplasm resources； explores the options and possibilities on recognizing and granting the ownerships of state， community and individual for property rights over crop germplasm resources； expounds the functions of protecting crop germplasm resources by intellectual property rights， including plant new variety rights， trademark rights， geographic indicators， important heritage of agricultural culture and patent rights. Finally， authors look into the trends and propose the priorities in developing property rights system of crop germplasm resources in view of the actual needs in ensuring food security and sustainable agricultural development. It is a reference for researchers and policy makers on the areas of crop germplasm resources.
LU Xin-xiong
,
WANG Li-rong
,
XIN Xia
,
YIN Guang-kun
,
ZHANG Jin-mei
,
CHEN Xiao-ling
,
HE Juan-juan
,
LIU Yun-xia
2023, 24(1):32-43.
DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20220602001
Abstract:
The crops， including apple， pear， citrus， banana and other fruit tree crops， and potato， sweet potato， cassava and other tuber crops， as well as rubber， coconut， oil palm and other tropical economic crops， have to be planted through propagules such as plants， roots， tubers， bulbs and seed stems. Based on the difference on long-term conservation strategy， these species are referred “field genebank conservation crops”. In the past 40 years， through the construction of conservation facilities， technical procedures on sampling and preservation， as well as backup preservation， the strategy of safe conservation of germplasm resources in germplasm field has been created in National Field Genebanks of China. With the application of newly-established in vitro and cryopreservation facilities in National Crop Genebank of China， a preliminary integrated conservation system， including the National Field Genebanks as the core， in vitro genebank， cryopreservation genebank and in situ protection sites， is able to guarantee the long-term safe conservation and continuous utilization of diversified field genebank preservation crops. By December of 2021， forty-three National Field Genebanks have maintained 69，504 accessions of 1，469 species or subspecies， hosting the largest number of accessions in the world. This article reviews the reproductive characteristics of the conserved germplasm resources in National Field Genebanks of China， the factors that affect safe conservation and the corresponding strategies that address to these factors， as well as the practical applications and prospects of the conservation facilities system， in order to provide insights on safe preservation of these special germplasm resources in China.
The crops， including apple， pear， citrus， banana and other fruit tree crops， and potato， sweet potato， cassava and other tuber crops， as well as rubber， coconut， oil palm and other tropical economic crops， have to be planted through propagules such as plants， roots， tubers， bulbs and seed stems. Based on the difference on long-term conservation strategy， these species are referred “field genebank conservation crops”. In the past 40 years， through the construction of conservation facilities， technical procedures on sampling and preservation， as well as backup preservation， the strategy of safe conservation of germplasm resources in germplasm field has been created in National Field Genebanks of China. With the application of newly-established in vitro and cryopreservation facilities in National Crop Genebank of China， a preliminary integrated conservation system， including the National Field Genebanks as the core， in vitro genebank， cryopreservation genebank and in situ protection sites， is able to guarantee the long-term safe conservation and continuous utilization of diversified field genebank preservation crops. By December of 2021， forty-three National Field Genebanks have maintained 69，504 accessions of 1，469 species or subspecies， hosting the largest number of accessions in the world. This article reviews the reproductive characteristics of the conserved germplasm resources in National Field Genebanks of China， the factors that affect safe conservation and the corresponding strategies that address to these factors， as well as the practical applications and prospects of the conservation facilities system， in order to provide insights on safe preservation of these special germplasm resources in China.
WANG Xiao-ming
,
QU Li-juan
,
JING Rui-lian
,
REN Gui-xing
,
LI Ying-hui
,
LI Chun-hui
,
QIN Pei-you
,
GU Yong-zhe
,
LI Long
2022, 23(1):12-20.
DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20210802001
Abstract:
The phenotype, as outcome of genotype that interplays with environmental factors, includes different traits such as architecture, growth stage, yield characters, quality, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. After long-term natural variations in eco-system as well as domestication and cultivation in agricultural eco-system crop germplasm obtained rich genetic and phenotypic diversity, as the fundamental basis in breeding for new varieties. It is of interest to explore and understand the phenotypic diversity by scientific and systematical identification and evaluation. Identifying elite germplasm resources that showed drought and heat tolerant, disease and pest resistant, high efficient use of water and fertilizer is absolutely important to breed new varieties with environmental adaptability under global climate change. Testing for phenotypic variations under controlled environment at multiple locations for years is desirable and highly recommended. The methods for identifying phenotypic variations are conducted in the fields, facilities, instruments and with person sensory. The identification of crop germplasm traits, which were surveyed at one environment (locus) with expected low-throughput and low accuracy, has been popularly performed at multi-environments with high-throughput and precise characterization. By taking advantage of rapid development on technologies of multi-Omics, artificial intelligence, image recognition and analysis, researches on phenotypic traits of crop germplasm resource will step for a new stage, valuable for crop breeding in the future.
The phenotype, as outcome of genotype that interplays with environmental factors, includes different traits such as architecture, growth stage, yield characters, quality, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. After long-term natural variations in eco-system as well as domestication and cultivation in agricultural eco-system crop germplasm obtained rich genetic and phenotypic diversity, as the fundamental basis in breeding for new varieties. It is of interest to explore and understand the phenotypic diversity by scientific and systematical identification and evaluation. Identifying elite germplasm resources that showed drought and heat tolerant, disease and pest resistant, high efficient use of water and fertilizer is absolutely important to breed new varieties with environmental adaptability under global climate change. Testing for phenotypic variations under controlled environment at multiple locations for years is desirable and highly recommended. The methods for identifying phenotypic variations are conducted in the fields, facilities, instruments and with person sensory. The identification of crop germplasm traits, which were surveyed at one environment (locus) with expected low-throughput and low accuracy, has been popularly performed at multi-environments with high-throughput and precise characterization. By taking advantage of rapid development on technologies of multi-Omics, artificial intelligence, image recognition and analysis, researches on phenotypic traits of crop germplasm resource will step for a new stage, valuable for crop breeding in the future.
2022, 23(1):21-28.
DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20211203003
Abstract:
Survey and collection are the foundational work in the research field of crop germplasm resources, and enable the performance of conservation, basic research, evaluation and utilization. Survey is able to obtain the information of geographical distribution, ecological types, botanical features and agronomic characteristics of germplasm resources, and this information is valuable in basic studies of crop origin and evolution as well as conservation biology. The collected germplasm resources might contain the boarder genetic diversity which is of interest in discovery of high value genetic resources valuable for agricultural utilization. This paper reviews the history of field survey and collection activities of crop germplasm resources, followed by introduction of the theoretical basis (i.e. disequilibrium distribution, crop origin center and germplasm resources distribution, human civilization and crop origin) of investigation and collection. For providing a practical guideline, this paper introduces the detailed methods and notes in the survey and collection, and proposes the future development in the field of crop germplasm resource survey and collection.
Survey and collection are the foundational work in the research field of crop germplasm resources, and enable the performance of conservation, basic research, evaluation and utilization. Survey is able to obtain the information of geographical distribution, ecological types, botanical features and agronomic characteristics of germplasm resources, and this information is valuable in basic studies of crop origin and evolution as well as conservation biology. The collected germplasm resources might contain the boarder genetic diversity which is of interest in discovery of high value genetic resources valuable for agricultural utilization. This paper reviews the history of field survey and collection activities of crop germplasm resources, followed by introduction of the theoretical basis (i.e. disequilibrium distribution, crop origin center and germplasm resources distribution, human civilization and crop origin) of investigation and collection. For providing a practical guideline, this paper introduces the detailed methods and notes in the survey and collection, and proposes the future development in the field of crop germplasm resource survey and collection.
2022, 23(3):627-635.
DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20220125002
Abstract:
Crop germplasm are the material basis for promoting the innovation of modern seed industry， the “chip” for stimulating the high-quality development of agriculture，and the strategic resources for ensuring national food security，building ecological civilization and maintaining biodiversity. Effective management of germplasm is an important part of their safety protection and efficient utilization. This study analyzed the management system as well as the protection and utilization system of crop germplasm from international organizations such as the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization，the United Nations Environment Programme and the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants，and introduced the current status of laws and regulations as well as financial support and operation mechanism for germplasm resources， taking the United States，Japan，Brazil and India as examples；introduced the three development stages，including the government-led stage，the technical department responsible stage under the administrative guidance as well as the legal management stage，of germplasm resources management in our country，and expounded the domestic current management system，operation system and guarantee mechanism of germplasms；put suggestions on the key work of national germplasm management in the future to promote the protection and utilization of germplasm resources，combining with the development status and trend of domestic and foreign germplasm management and learning from the good practices of international germplasm resources management.
Crop germplasm are the material basis for promoting the innovation of modern seed industry， the “chip” for stimulating the high-quality development of agriculture，and the strategic resources for ensuring national food security，building ecological civilization and maintaining biodiversity. Effective management of germplasm is an important part of their safety protection and efficient utilization. This study analyzed the management system as well as the protection and utilization system of crop germplasm from international organizations such as the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization，the United Nations Environment Programme and the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants，and introduced the current status of laws and regulations as well as financial support and operation mechanism for germplasm resources， taking the United States，Japan，Brazil and India as examples；introduced the three development stages，including the government-led stage，the technical department responsible stage under the administrative guidance as well as the legal management stage，of germplasm resources management in our country，and expounded the domestic current management system，operation system and guarantee mechanism of germplasms；put suggestions on the key work of national germplasm management in the future to promote the protection and utilization of germplasm resources，combining with the development status and trend of domestic and foreign germplasm management and learning from the good practices of international germplasm resources management.
XIN Xia
,
YIN Guang-kun
,
ZHANG Jin-mei
,
CHEN Xiao-ling
,
HE Juan-juan
,
LIU Yun-xia
,
Huang Xue-qi
,
LU Xin-xiong
2022, 23(3):636-643.
DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20211206002
Abstract:
Profiting from the development in the past nearly hundred years，the national integrated conservation system for crop germplasm resources has been well established based on ex situ and in situ conservation strategies，which important points：（1）for each type of crop germplasm，it is necessary to develop suitable conservation methods/technologies according to its biological characteristics，and conservation and utilization needs，to achieve preservation the genetic integrity or potential evolutionary ability，（2）each crop germplasm needs to be combined with a variety of preservation methods，to achieve integrated conservation of its gene pool，（3）at the national（regional）level，it is necessary to adopt in situ and ex situ conservation methods，as well as medium-term，long-term and backup preservation mechanisms to conservation the diversity， integrity and security of germplasm resources for sustainable use. By the end of 2021，China has built 55 ex situ conservation facilities，including long-term，medium-term，duplicate，field，in vitro，and cryo genebanks，and 214 in situ conservation sites，which has ability to achieve the integrated conservation of crop germplasm resources at the national level，and the total amount of conservation has reached 528000 accessions，providing a solid material foundation for crop breeding，seed industry development and agricultural innovation. This article reviewed the development history，scientific basis，and application practices in China and abroad of the integrated conservation system，in order to promote the conservation and utilization of crop germplasm resources.
Profiting from the development in the past nearly hundred years，the national integrated conservation system for crop germplasm resources has been well established based on ex situ and in situ conservation strategies，which important points：（1）for each type of crop germplasm，it is necessary to develop suitable conservation methods/technologies according to its biological characteristics，and conservation and utilization needs，to achieve preservation the genetic integrity or potential evolutionary ability，（2）each crop germplasm needs to be combined with a variety of preservation methods，to achieve integrated conservation of its gene pool，（3）at the national（regional）level，it is necessary to adopt in situ and ex situ conservation methods，as well as medium-term，long-term and backup preservation mechanisms to conservation the diversity， integrity and security of germplasm resources for sustainable use. By the end of 2021，China has built 55 ex situ conservation facilities，including long-term，medium-term，duplicate，field，in vitro，and cryo genebanks，and 214 in situ conservation sites，which has ability to achieve the integrated conservation of crop germplasm resources at the national level，and the total amount of conservation has reached 528000 accessions，providing a solid material foundation for crop breeding，seed industry development and agricultural innovation. This article reviewed the development history，scientific basis，and application practices in China and abroad of the integrated conservation system，in order to promote the conservation and utilization of crop germplasm resources.
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