2021, 22(6):1463-1473.
DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20210902001
Abstract:
Throughout thousands of years，successfully domesticated crop plants have gone through longtime courses of continuous cultivation and selection. This principal has been validated in earlier domesticated crops such as wheat，corn，rice，apple，plum and grape，and in kiwifruit，blueberry and strawberry which were domesticated in a relative duration. By history as reference，this paper briefly outlines and analyzes the processes of domestication and genetic improvement of plant crops. Meanwhile，we focuses on cases of the fruit trees that are domesticated last century，and discusses the principal and strategy for domesticating wild fruit species in the 21th century.
Throughout thousands of years，successfully domesticated crop plants have gone through longtime courses of continuous cultivation and selection. This principal has been validated in earlier domesticated crops such as wheat，corn，rice，apple，plum and grape，and in kiwifruit，blueberry and strawberry which were domesticated in a relative duration. By history as reference，this paper briefly outlines and analyzes the processes of domestication and genetic improvement of plant crops. Meanwhile，we focuses on cases of the fruit trees that are domesticated last century，and discusses the principal and strategy for domesticating wild fruit species in the 21th century.
2021, 22(6):1483-1490.
DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr. 20210303002
Abstract:
Xinjiang is one of the origin and diversity center of deciduous fruit trees and the gene bank for quality breeding. In recent years，important progresses have been made in the evaluation，mining and innovative utilization of germplasm resources of wild fruit forests and deciduous fruit trees in Xinjiang，such as Malus sieversii（Ledeb.）M. Roem.（wild apple）and korle pear. The significant achievements are listed as follows：（1）Studies have clarified that Malus sieversii is the ancestral species of cultivated apples，and its evaluation，mining and innovative utilization have achieved important results，（2）The Xinjiang korle pear，which originated from the hybrids of Eastern and Western pears，has strong heritability of high quality and storability，and is an important parent resource for pear quality breeding，（3）Yili wild apricots and southern Xinjiang cultivated apricots have played an important role in domestication of cultivated apricots. The hybridization and breeding of superior lines broke down the genetic isolation among the three natural apricot groups in Kuqa，Kashgar and Hotan，providing support for the good seeding of more than 200，000 hectares of southern Xinjiang apricots，（4）Xinjiang Wild Cherry Plum is one of most important species in genus Prunus L.. The ex-situ planting of wild cherry plum resources resulted in breeding for the plum varieties.
Xinjiang is one of the origin and diversity center of deciduous fruit trees and the gene bank for quality breeding. In recent years，important progresses have been made in the evaluation，mining and innovative utilization of germplasm resources of wild fruit forests and deciduous fruit trees in Xinjiang，such as Malus sieversii（Ledeb.）M. Roem.（wild apple）and korle pear. The significant achievements are listed as follows：（1）Studies have clarified that Malus sieversii is the ancestral species of cultivated apples，and its evaluation，mining and innovative utilization have achieved important results，（2）The Xinjiang korle pear，which originated from the hybrids of Eastern and Western pears，has strong heritability of high quality and storability，and is an important parent resource for pear quality breeding，（3）Yili wild apricots and southern Xinjiang cultivated apricots have played an important role in domestication of cultivated apricots. The hybridization and breeding of superior lines broke down the genetic isolation among the three natural apricot groups in Kuqa，Kashgar and Hotan，providing support for the good seeding of more than 200，000 hectares of southern Xinjiang apricots，（4）Xinjiang Wild Cherry Plum is one of most important species in genus Prunus L.. The ex-situ planting of wild cherry plum resources resulted in breeding for the plum varieties.
2021, 22(6):1474-1482.
DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr. 20210331002
Abstract:
Some interspecific hybrids and allopolyploids show morphological, physiological and molecular traits biased to one progenitor, which is referred to as genome asymmetry or genome dominance, in spite of the inclusion of the genomes of the two or more progenitors in the same nucleus. Besides the occurrence of the expression dominance of the rRNA genes with the B>A>C hierarchy in three cultivated Brassica allotetraploids, the genome asymmetry for their phenotypic features is also obvious, for some traits of Brassica oleracea are strongly expressed and are dominant over those of B. nigra and B. rapa, while those of B. nigra are dominant over those of B. rapa, with the C>B>A hierarchy. As to the phenotypic performance in the intergeneric hybrids and allopolyploids of Brassica species with several relatives including Raphanus sativus, Orychophragmus violaceus and Isatis indigotica, Raphanus sativus and Orychophragmus violaceus are dominant, particularly with their basal serrated leaves being persistently expressed. Notably, these dominant traits are controlled by one or several chromosomes. The phenotypic dominance is possibly related to the structure and nature of the parental genome and gene(s) involved and the interaction between divergent genomes, but the regulation mechanisms remain largely to be elucidated.
Some interspecific hybrids and allopolyploids show morphological, physiological and molecular traits biased to one progenitor, which is referred to as genome asymmetry or genome dominance, in spite of the inclusion of the genomes of the two or more progenitors in the same nucleus. Besides the occurrence of the expression dominance of the rRNA genes with the B>A>C hierarchy in three cultivated Brassica allotetraploids, the genome asymmetry for their phenotypic features is also obvious, for some traits of Brassica oleracea are strongly expressed and are dominant over those of B. nigra and B. rapa, while those of B. nigra are dominant over those of B. rapa, with the C>B>A hierarchy. As to the phenotypic performance in the intergeneric hybrids and allopolyploids of Brassica species with several relatives including Raphanus sativus, Orychophragmus violaceus and Isatis indigotica, Raphanus sativus and Orychophragmus violaceus are dominant, particularly with their basal serrated leaves being persistently expressed. Notably, these dominant traits are controlled by one or several chromosomes. The phenotypic dominance is possibly related to the structure and nature of the parental genome and gene(s) involved and the interaction between divergent genomes, but the regulation mechanisms remain largely to be elucidated.
2021, 22(6):1491-1497.
DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr. 20210428002
Abstract:
The significant advance on crop breeding largely relies on exploration and utilization of excellent germplasm resources. Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) is the major sugar crop in the world, but for a long time limited progress in sugarcane breeding has been made. Saccharum Spontaneum L. is a wild species in Saccharum L, and this species as the most successful example has been used in sugarcane breeding. Optimal use of this wild species Saccharum Spontaneum L. in sugarcane breeding is of interest to overcome this limitation. In this review, we summarized the progress on the genetic diversity analysis and innovative utilization of Saccharum Spontaneum L, analyzed the limitations restricting its innovative utilization, and ultimately raised prospective for future innovation and utilization in sugarcane breeding.
The significant advance on crop breeding largely relies on exploration and utilization of excellent germplasm resources. Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) is the major sugar crop in the world, but for a long time limited progress in sugarcane breeding has been made. Saccharum Spontaneum L. is a wild species in Saccharum L, and this species as the most successful example has been used in sugarcane breeding. Optimal use of this wild species Saccharum Spontaneum L. in sugarcane breeding is of interest to overcome this limitation. In this review, we summarized the progress on the genetic diversity analysis and innovative utilization of Saccharum Spontaneum L, analyzed the limitations restricting its innovative utilization, and ultimately raised prospective for future innovation and utilization in sugarcane breeding.
2021, 22(5):1200-1208.
DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr. 20210324001
Abstract:
Pear is one of the major fruit in China and favorite by domestic and foreign consumers due to its nutritional value and health efficacy. Pear flower is corymb inflorescence and belongs to the multi-flowered type. Fruit setting rate of inflorescence has significant influence on the yield of fruit trees. Artificial control of flowers and fruits is a measure to regulate the amount of fruit set in the tree, to ensure the yield and fruit quality maximizing the commercial profile. Understanding the mechanism of inflorescence formation is of interest to increase fruit yield and improve fruit quality. This paper reviews the evolution of inflorescence, the process of inflorescence development, fruit setting position of inflorescence, effects of endogenous hormones on floral formation, and regulation of related genes on floral formation, etc. Moreover, the future prospective is proposed, in order to provide ideas for the research on pear inflorescence formation.
Pear is one of the major fruit in China and favorite by domestic and foreign consumers due to its nutritional value and health efficacy. Pear flower is corymb inflorescence and belongs to the multi-flowered type. Fruit setting rate of inflorescence has significant influence on the yield of fruit trees. Artificial control of flowers and fruits is a measure to regulate the amount of fruit set in the tree, to ensure the yield and fruit quality maximizing the commercial profile. Understanding the mechanism of inflorescence formation is of interest to increase fruit yield and improve fruit quality. This paper reviews the evolution of inflorescence, the process of inflorescence development, fruit setting position of inflorescence, effects of endogenous hormones on floral formation, and regulation of related genes on floral formation, etc. Moreover, the future prospective is proposed, in order to provide ideas for the research on pear inflorescence formation.
2021, 22(5):1209-1218.
DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr. 20210315005
Abstract:
The genus Polygonatum represents a wide geographical distribution, abundant resources, complex taxa and a long cultivation history, and they are considered to be important with the medicinal, economic, ornamental and cultural value. By taking advantage of the improvement of molecular biology, a variety of DNA-based molecular techniques have been developed valuable to the research in related fields of the genus Polygonatum. In this paper, we review the current status and progress of the genus Polygonatum using DNA-based technologies (such as molecular marker and DNA barcode), and propose future prospects in order to provide references for efficient protection and utilization of plant resources.
The genus Polygonatum represents a wide geographical distribution, abundant resources, complex taxa and a long cultivation history, and they are considered to be important with the medicinal, economic, ornamental and cultural value. By taking advantage of the improvement of molecular biology, a variety of DNA-based molecular techniques have been developed valuable to the research in related fields of the genus Polygonatum. In this paper, we review the current status and progress of the genus Polygonatum using DNA-based technologies (such as molecular marker and DNA barcode), and propose future prospects in order to provide references for efficient protection and utilization of plant resources.
2021, 22(5):1175-1183.
DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20210128001
Abstract:
Shaanxi province has a long history of agronomical cultivation culture and hosts abundant germplasm resources. Twice actions of China national-wide germplasm survey and several rounds of the regional resource investigation have unlocked ca. 18000 germplasm accessions including 13828 which are registered and persevered in National Crop Genebank of China including food crops (11341), economic crops (1473), vegetables (687), fruit (191) and forage crops (136). Through research and practices in agriculture germplasm, there have been significant progresses in breeding for crops like wheat, rapeseed, corn, apple, tomato, etc., along with noticeable economic benefits in exploiting values from the local characteristic and wild resources like black rice, pepper, walnut, tea and kiwi. However, problems on protection and utilization of germplasm resource in Shaanxi remain, such as inadequacy in the germplasm resources protection system, which fails to address the continued disappearance of some germplasms. In particular, the current system does not have appropriate incentive and management mechanisms to fully support the entire cycles of crop resources management, including search & collection, protection, utilization and management of the germplasm resources, which has hindered the realization of the full value of germplasm resources. We suggest to establish a long-term system valuable for the collection, characterization, protection, innovation and application of germplasm resources. Moreover, we suggest to explore the commercial value of precious or unique germplasm resources, thus serving the breeding for new varieties in Shaanxi.
Shaanxi province has a long history of agronomical cultivation culture and hosts abundant germplasm resources. Twice actions of China national-wide germplasm survey and several rounds of the regional resource investigation have unlocked ca. 18000 germplasm accessions including 13828 which are registered and persevered in National Crop Genebank of China including food crops (11341), economic crops (1473), vegetables (687), fruit (191) and forage crops (136). Through research and practices in agriculture germplasm, there have been significant progresses in breeding for crops like wheat, rapeseed, corn, apple, tomato, etc., along with noticeable economic benefits in exploiting values from the local characteristic and wild resources like black rice, pepper, walnut, tea and kiwi. However, problems on protection and utilization of germplasm resource in Shaanxi remain, such as inadequacy in the germplasm resources protection system, which fails to address the continued disappearance of some germplasms. In particular, the current system does not have appropriate incentive and management mechanisms to fully support the entire cycles of crop resources management, including search & collection, protection, utilization and management of the germplasm resources, which has hindered the realization of the full value of germplasm resources. We suggest to establish a long-term system valuable for the collection, characterization, protection, innovation and application of germplasm resources. Moreover, we suggest to explore the commercial value of precious or unique germplasm resources, thus serving the breeding for new varieties in Shaanxi.
2021, 22(5):1193-1199.
DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20210113001
Abstract:
The freezing caused by low-temperature in spring seriously destabilizes the yield production and grain quality of the common wheat. However，such currently techniques show some limitations including laborious-and timeconsuming as well as less effective reduction of the cold damage. It is of great significance to establish a simple，scientific，rapid and systematic evaluation methods and indices system of wheat tolerance to late spring coldness for avoiding the impairment of the late spring coldness on wheat. In this paper，the methods， periods，indicators and evaluation criteria to identify wheat late spring coldness resistance were summarized， which of the molecular biological basis were parsed，and proposed that it is necessary to perform systematical evaluation of the late spring coldness resistance at jointing，booting and flowering stage，respectively，screening of allelic variation and analysis of underlying molecular mechanism for further utilization in wheat breeding program to develop wheat cultivars with high and stable yield in China.
The freezing caused by low-temperature in spring seriously destabilizes the yield production and grain quality of the common wheat. However，such currently techniques show some limitations including laborious-and timeconsuming as well as less effective reduction of the cold damage. It is of great significance to establish a simple，scientific，rapid and systematic evaluation methods and indices system of wheat tolerance to late spring coldness for avoiding the impairment of the late spring coldness on wheat. In this paper，the methods， periods，indicators and evaluation criteria to identify wheat late spring coldness resistance were summarized， which of the molecular biological basis were parsed，and proposed that it is necessary to perform systematical evaluation of the late spring coldness resistance at jointing，booting and flowering stage，respectively，screening of allelic variation and analysis of underlying molecular mechanism for further utilization in wheat breeding program to develop wheat cultivars with high and stable yield in China.
HUANG Yong-mei
,
LI Hui-feng
,
LI Yan-qing
,
HUA Jin-feng
,
LIAO Jin-xiu
,
YIN Jie
,
LIANG Yao-wen
,
CHEN Tian-yuan
2021, 22(5):1184-1192.
DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20201217004
Abstract:
total of 825 sweet potato germplasm accessions are preserved until October of 2020 in Guangxi province of China, including 549 landraces, 266 cultivars, 69 breeding lines, two wild relatives as well as ten accessions without passport information. Out of them, 586 accessions have been registered into germplasm resource nursery in Guangxi. The characterization of the agronomic characters, dry matter content and yield in the whole panel, as well as the quality-related traits and disease resistance in a sub-panel lead to the identification of 126 elite accessions. The preservation and Renewal Technology of Sweet Potato Germplasm Resources has been improved. The data management system containing 5107 and 10202 data points regarding to the qualitative and quantitative traits, respectively, has been established. Based on the genetic diversity analysis of 486 sweet potatoes, we established a core germplasm collection with 122 accessions. Thirty-three new sweet potato varieties have been released by taking use of these germplasm accessions. The application of new varieties in agriculture resulted in remarkable economic, social and ecological benefits.
total of 825 sweet potato germplasm accessions are preserved until October of 2020 in Guangxi province of China, including 549 landraces, 266 cultivars, 69 breeding lines, two wild relatives as well as ten accessions without passport information. Out of them, 586 accessions have been registered into germplasm resource nursery in Guangxi. The characterization of the agronomic characters, dry matter content and yield in the whole panel, as well as the quality-related traits and disease resistance in a sub-panel lead to the identification of 126 elite accessions. The preservation and Renewal Technology of Sweet Potato Germplasm Resources has been improved. The data management system containing 5107 and 10202 data points regarding to the qualitative and quantitative traits, respectively, has been established. Based on the genetic diversity analysis of 486 sweet potatoes, we established a core germplasm collection with 122 accessions. Thirty-three new sweet potato varieties have been released by taking use of these germplasm accessions. The application of new varieties in agriculture resulted in remarkable economic, social and ecological benefits.
CHEN Nai-yu
,
ZHANG Guo-xiang
,
ZHANG Li-shuang
,
AN Yi-min
,
DU Jia-huan
,
WANG Dan
,
GUO Chang-hong
2021, 22(4):930-938.
DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20210109001
Abstract:
Abiotic stress seriously affects plants growth and crop yield. Plant AREB (ABA responsive element binding protein)/ABF(ABRE binding factors) transcription factors are a type of leucine zipper protein that specifically recognizes ABA-responsive element (ABRE). They are involved in regulating the expression of ABA-responsive genes and play a crucial role in the response to abiotic stress in plant.This article introduced the structural characteristics of ABF transcription factors, the identified cis-acting elements, regulatory modification pathway and their roles in response to abiotic stress. This review might contributes a theoretical foundation for the application of ABF transcription factors to breed excellent cultivars?with stress tolerances.
Abiotic stress seriously affects plants growth and crop yield. Plant AREB (ABA responsive element binding protein)/ABF(ABRE binding factors) transcription factors are a type of leucine zipper protein that specifically recognizes ABA-responsive element (ABRE). They are involved in regulating the expression of ABA-responsive genes and play a crucial role in the response to abiotic stress in plant.This article introduced the structural characteristics of ABF transcription factors, the identified cis-acting elements, regulatory modification pathway and their roles in response to abiotic stress. This review might contributes a theoretical foundation for the application of ABF transcription factors to breed excellent cultivars?with stress tolerances.
2021, 22(4):873-880.
DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr20210120001
Abstract:
China has abundant crop germplasm resources. At present, 340 crops and a total of 490,000 accessions have been conserved at the national conservation system. How to ensure the safe conservation of germplasm resources is the responsibility and mission of genebank managers. Since the Ninth Five-Year Plan, the National Crop Genebank of China has systematically studied the theories and technologies of the safe conservation of germplasm. For the first time, we proposed a theory for germplasm resources conservation, including both safety backup and the biological mechanism of conservation. The transition from platform (high viability) to the rapid reduction phase of the seed survival curve was defined as the critical node (CN). It was revealed that oxidative damage and mitochondrial damage disorder the metabolism in the CN. In addition to, there was demonstrated that regeneration threshold values is the CN according to that the accession was regenerated when its germination rate was lower than the CN, resulting in the loss of genetic integrity. Taking loss of viability and genetic integrity together, safe longevity of germplasm is the period from the beginning of storage to the time point when seed viability declined to the CN. We have made breakthroughs on the key techniques for seed viability monitoring, early warning of viability decline, regeneration and in vitro preservation. Based on the above research, we have created a technological system for the safe conservation of crop germplasm resource, which has been applied in Chinese genebanks. For avoiding the loss of germplasm resources due to the loss of vigor and genetic integrity in genebank, the technological system would prolong the safe longevity of accession, monitor and forecast the accession viability, recognize the accession which needs to be regenerated. Therefore, the technological system provides a reliable guarantee for the safe conservation of crop germplasm resources in China.
China has abundant crop germplasm resources. At present, 340 crops and a total of 490,000 accessions have been conserved at the national conservation system. How to ensure the safe conservation of germplasm resources is the responsibility and mission of genebank managers. Since the Ninth Five-Year Plan, the National Crop Genebank of China has systematically studied the theories and technologies of the safe conservation of germplasm. For the first time, we proposed a theory for germplasm resources conservation, including both safety backup and the biological mechanism of conservation. The transition from platform (high viability) to the rapid reduction phase of the seed survival curve was defined as the critical node (CN). It was revealed that oxidative damage and mitochondrial damage disorder the metabolism in the CN. In addition to, there was demonstrated that regeneration threshold values is the CN according to that the accession was regenerated when its germination rate was lower than the CN, resulting in the loss of genetic integrity. Taking loss of viability and genetic integrity together, safe longevity of germplasm is the period from the beginning of storage to the time point when seed viability declined to the CN. We have made breakthroughs on the key techniques for seed viability monitoring, early warning of viability decline, regeneration and in vitro preservation. Based on the above research, we have created a technological system for the safe conservation of crop germplasm resource, which has been applied in Chinese genebanks. For avoiding the loss of germplasm resources due to the loss of vigor and genetic integrity in genebank, the technological system would prolong the safe longevity of accession, monitor and forecast the accession viability, recognize the accession which needs to be regenerated. Therefore, the technological system provides a reliable guarantee for the safe conservation of crop germplasm resources in China.
WU Yun-yu
,
XIAO Ning
,
YU Ling
,
CAI Yue
,
PAN Cun-hong
,
LI Yu-hong
,
ZHANG Xiao-xiang
,
HUANG Nian-sheng
,
ZHOU Chang-hai
,
JI Hong-juan
,
DAI Zheng-yuan
,
LI Ai-hong
2021, 22(4):890-899.
DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20201103002
Abstract:
Rice is one of the most important grain crops in China, and weeds in paddy fields are the main factors affecting the yield and quality of rice. With the increase of planting areas of direct-seeded rice and light and simplified cultivation, the application of various herbicides has become increasingly common, the application rates of the herbicides have gradually increased, and the problems of resistant weeds and high residues in paddy fields have become increasingly serious. Therefore, it is of great significance to accelerate the innovation and utilization of various herbicide-resistant rice germplasms. In this paper, the types and mechanisms of herbicides, the research progress on herbicide-resistant rice germplasm innovation and application in China are reviewed, with existing problems and possible development direction discussed.
Rice is one of the most important grain crops in China, and weeds in paddy fields are the main factors affecting the yield and quality of rice. With the increase of planting areas of direct-seeded rice and light and simplified cultivation, the application of various herbicides has become increasingly common, the application rates of the herbicides have gradually increased, and the problems of resistant weeds and high residues in paddy fields have become increasingly serious. Therefore, it is of great significance to accelerate the innovation and utilization of various herbicide-resistant rice germplasms. In this paper, the types and mechanisms of herbicides, the research progress on herbicide-resistant rice germplasm innovation and application in China are reviewed, with existing problems and possible development direction discussed.
JIANG Hui
,
PAN Gen
,
CHANG Li
,
HUANG Si-qi
,
TANG Hui-juan
,
LI De-fang
,
ZHAO Li-ning
,
LI Jian-jun
,
WU Ye-na
,
CHEN An-guo
2021, 22(4):910-920.
DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20201124001
Abstract:
Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is an economic crop with multiple utilization value. The rich nutrients and active substances of flaxseed as well as high-quality fiber make flax more and more popular. Therefore, producing high-quality flax varieties has become the current breeding goal. Traditional breeding methods have the limitation of the long cycles and limited choices. With the development of molecular biology and molecular markers, the traditional breeding methods combined with molecular breeding have met the breeding requirements. This article reviews the advances made in the application of molecular markers in flax, construction of genetic linkage maps, quantitative trait loci positioning, resistance and fertility marker positioning and genome-wide association analysis. The current problems of molecular marker assisted breeding in flax are discussed to provide some references for flax breeding in the future.
Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is an economic crop with multiple utilization value. The rich nutrients and active substances of flaxseed as well as high-quality fiber make flax more and more popular. Therefore, producing high-quality flax varieties has become the current breeding goal. Traditional breeding methods have the limitation of the long cycles and limited choices. With the development of molecular biology and molecular markers, the traditional breeding methods combined with molecular breeding have met the breeding requirements. This article reviews the advances made in the application of molecular markers in flax, construction of genetic linkage maps, quantitative trait loci positioning, resistance and fertility marker positioning and genome-wide association analysis. The current problems of molecular marker assisted breeding in flax are discussed to provide some references for flax breeding in the future.
2021, 22(4):881-889.
DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20201121002
Abstract:
Rice is one of the most important food crops in the world. Since this crop is moderately sensitive to salt stress, land salinization is therefore a factor that restricts the increase of global rice production. At present, most studies focus on the salt tolerance of rice at the seedling stage, whereas identification of salt-tolerant phenotypes during the reproductive growth period of rice is rarely conducted. Breeding for new varieties showing salt-tolerant in lifecycle and its application is one of the optimal ways to improve saline soil. In recent years, a large number of salt-tolerant QTLs in rice have been molecularly identified, and significant progress has been made in breeding of new varieties showing salt tolerant. This article reviews the latest research progress in genomics, epigenetics, proteomics and metabolomics on salt tolerance, and provides a reference for exploring the molecular mechanism of salt tolerance and breeding for salt-tolerant varieties in rice.
Rice is one of the most important food crops in the world. Since this crop is moderately sensitive to salt stress, land salinization is therefore a factor that restricts the increase of global rice production. At present, most studies focus on the salt tolerance of rice at the seedling stage, whereas identification of salt-tolerant phenotypes during the reproductive growth period of rice is rarely conducted. Breeding for new varieties showing salt-tolerant in lifecycle and its application is one of the optimal ways to improve saline soil. In recent years, a large number of salt-tolerant QTLs in rice have been molecularly identified, and significant progress has been made in breeding of new varieties showing salt tolerant. This article reviews the latest research progress in genomics, epigenetics, proteomics and metabolomics on salt tolerance, and provides a reference for exploring the molecular mechanism of salt tolerance and breeding for salt-tolerant varieties in rice.
WANG Dong-lei
,
WANG Zhi-quan
,
LI Qing
,
OU YANG Su-yin
,
YANG Bo-zhi
,
ZHANG Zhi-shuo
,
LIU Feng
,
HU Bo-wen
,
ZOU Xue-xiao
2021, 22(4):921-929.
DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20200828002
Abstract:
Dwarfing is an important agronomic trait in crops, which can reduce lodging, enhance stress resistance and increase yield. Brassinosteroid is an important new plant hormone that regulates plant height during plant growth and development. Mutations that cause a decrease in Brassinosteroid level or impair Brassinosteroid signaling will produce a dwarf phenotype. This article focuses on the mutated genes that induce the dwarf phenotype in each pathway. The discovery of these genes has expanded the germplasm and genetic basis of dwarf crop breeding, and provides a theoretical basis for the creation of dwarf germplasm resources and rapid breeding of new dwarf varieties.
Dwarfing is an important agronomic trait in crops, which can reduce lodging, enhance stress resistance and increase yield. Brassinosteroid is an important new plant hormone that regulates plant height during plant growth and development. Mutations that cause a decrease in Brassinosteroid level or impair Brassinosteroid signaling will produce a dwarf phenotype. This article focuses on the mutated genes that induce the dwarf phenotype in each pathway. The discovery of these genes has expanded the germplasm and genetic basis of dwarf crop breeding, and provides a theoretical basis for the creation of dwarf germplasm resources and rapid breeding of new dwarf varieties.
2021, 22(4):900-909.
DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20201020001
Abstract:
MicroRNA (miRNA) is a well-studied small non-coding single-stranded RNA molecules encoded by endogenous genes with a length of about 20-24 nucleotides. It plays a key role in plant organ formation, growth and development, maintenance of genomic integrity and responses to abiotic stress. Among them, the miRNA169 family is detected widely with levels of conservativation in plants, and these family members participat into the regulation of a kind of conserved transcription factor NF-YA at post-transcriptional level. They are known crucial role in root development, lateral organ formation, floral organ formation, stomatal formation and stress of plants. Here we reviewed the origin and evolutionary mechanism of the miRNA169 family and its involvement in plant growth and response to abiotic stresses (i.e. high salinity, drought, low temperature and heavy metals) as other stresses conditions. We wish to provide insight of future understanding the biological function of miRNA169 family members responding to various stresses.
MicroRNA (miRNA) is a well-studied small non-coding single-stranded RNA molecules encoded by endogenous genes with a length of about 20-24 nucleotides. It plays a key role in plant organ formation, growth and development, maintenance of genomic integrity and responses to abiotic stress. Among them, the miRNA169 family is detected widely with levels of conservativation in plants, and these family members participat into the regulation of a kind of conserved transcription factor NF-YA at post-transcriptional level. They are known crucial role in root development, lateral organ formation, floral organ formation, stomatal formation and stress of plants. Here we reviewed the origin and evolutionary mechanism of the miRNA169 family and its involvement in plant growth and response to abiotic stresses (i.e. high salinity, drought, low temperature and heavy metals) as other stresses conditions. We wish to provide insight of future understanding the biological function of miRNA169 family members responding to various stresses.
2021, 22(3):583-592.
DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20201012001
Abstract:
miR397 is one of the conserved miRNAs in plants. In different plants, the miR397 family is mostly composed of one to three members. Through regulating the laccase gene and other genes, miR397 is widely involved in regulating plant growth, development, and stress responses, thus affecting important economic traits such as seed yield and fruit quality. Therefore, as a target gene of molecular breeding, miR397 has great application potential in plant genetic improvement. In this article, the distribution of miR397 in plants, the identification of target genes of miR397, and the regulating roles of miR397 in plant growth, development, and stress responses were reviewed, and the problems that remain to be solved are pointed out, which provides a reference for the application of miR397 in plant genetic improvement.
miR397 is one of the conserved miRNAs in plants. In different plants, the miR397 family is mostly composed of one to three members. Through regulating the laccase gene and other genes, miR397 is widely involved in regulating plant growth, development, and stress responses, thus affecting important economic traits such as seed yield and fruit quality. Therefore, as a target gene of molecular breeding, miR397 has great application potential in plant genetic improvement. In this article, the distribution of miR397 in plants, the identification of target genes of miR397, and the regulating roles of miR397 in plant growth, development, and stress responses were reviewed, and the problems that remain to be solved are pointed out, which provides a reference for the application of miR397 in plant genetic improvement.
2021, 22(3):571-582.
DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20200927001
Abstract:
Plant height is one of the important agronomic traits and controlled by a consequence interacting among the genetic factors, the endogenous hormones and external environment. In common wheat, plant height is recognized as a quantitative trait modulated by multiple genes that are found on 21 chromosomes. Several molecular markers associating with plant height are available for marker-assisted breeding. The important progress on determining the genetic factors, genetic localization and gene isolation, regulation mechanism and marker assisted selection have been achieved. This paper summarizes the factors that contribute to wheat plant height, as well as the achievements on genetic localization, gene cloning, allelic mining, marker-assisted wheat breeding, followed by the prospective on future focuses in wheat.
Plant height is one of the important agronomic traits and controlled by a consequence interacting among the genetic factors, the endogenous hormones and external environment. In common wheat, plant height is recognized as a quantitative trait modulated by multiple genes that are found on 21 chromosomes. Several molecular markers associating with plant height are available for marker-assisted breeding. The important progress on determining the genetic factors, genetic localization and gene isolation, regulation mechanism and marker assisted selection have been achieved. This paper summarizes the factors that contribute to wheat plant height, as well as the achievements on genetic localization, gene cloning, allelic mining, marker-assisted wheat breeding, followed by the prospective on future focuses in wheat.
2021, 22(3):603-608.
DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20200930001
Abstract:
Fusarium wilt is one of the important diseases in common bean production in China. This article reviews the progress on classification of the pathogen causing Fusarium wilt and its infection cycle, control measures, germplasm resource identification and the genetic analysis for resistance. However, the understanding on Fusarium wilt is largely limited. For example, the resistance germplasm resource and genetic genes are scarce, and the molecular mechanism of genetic resistance is blank. To achieve the resistance breeding against Fusarium wilt, there is a demand to identify the resistance germplasm resource, explore the resistance genes or allelic variants, as well as decipher the molecular mechanism of genetic resistance in common bean.
Fusarium wilt is one of the important diseases in common bean production in China. This article reviews the progress on classification of the pathogen causing Fusarium wilt and its infection cycle, control measures, germplasm resource identification and the genetic analysis for resistance. However, the understanding on Fusarium wilt is largely limited. For example, the resistance germplasm resource and genetic genes are scarce, and the molecular mechanism of genetic resistance is blank. To achieve the resistance breeding against Fusarium wilt, there is a demand to identify the resistance germplasm resource, explore the resistance genes or allelic variants, as well as decipher the molecular mechanism of genetic resistance in common bean.
2021, 22(3):593-602.
DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20200922005
Abstract:
Brassica napus had been cultivated in China since 1930s, but the Chinese modern cultivars represented a narrow genetic basis. In order to enrich the genetic diversity in gene pool, distant hybridizations with relative species have been conducted. This paper summarizes recent advances on distant hybridization in Brassica napus with other Cruciferae plants. These novel germplasm resources showing early maturation, yellow seed or disease resistance, have been generated by inter-species hybridization in genus Brassica. The elite alleles on traits of drought resistance, cold resistance or milky white flower, which were identified from other genus, have been introgressed into Brassica napus. We further proposed the focus on distant hybridization in Brassica napus in future.
Brassica napus had been cultivated in China since 1930s, but the Chinese modern cultivars represented a narrow genetic basis. In order to enrich the genetic diversity in gene pool, distant hybridizations with relative species have been conducted. This paper summarizes recent advances on distant hybridization in Brassica napus with other Cruciferae plants. These novel germplasm resources showing early maturation, yellow seed or disease resistance, have been generated by inter-species hybridization in genus Brassica. The elite alleles on traits of drought resistance, cold resistance or milky white flower, which were identified from other genus, have been introgressed into Brassica napus. We further proposed the focus on distant hybridization in Brassica napus in future.
LU Yang
,
LI Na
,
WANG Xing
,
YU Ping
,
KANG Yi-fan
,
CHEN Xue-ping
,
LUO Shuang-xia
,
SHEN Shu-xing
2021, 22(3):609-615.
DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20201015001
Abstract:
Solanaceae crops are economically important, but they are not suitable to be cultivated in high density and consume a large amount of water and fertilizer for their large plants. It has been well known that phytohormones play an important role in regulating plant height via modulating cell division and cell elongation. Accordingly, mining dwarf genes and creating dwarf germplasm have been the important base for improvement of plant architecture in Solanaceae crops. Here we firstly summarized the biological function of the phytohormones modulating plant height, furthermore emphasized the mechanism of hormone-related dwarf mutation in Solanaceae crops. Finially proposed a simple and efficient strategy of gene mining and utilization by modern molecular biological technique based on dwarf mutant.
Solanaceae crops are economically important, but they are not suitable to be cultivated in high density and consume a large amount of water and fertilizer for their large plants. It has been well known that phytohormones play an important role in regulating plant height via modulating cell division and cell elongation. Accordingly, mining dwarf genes and creating dwarf germplasm have been the important base for improvement of plant architecture in Solanaceae crops. Here we firstly summarized the biological function of the phytohormones modulating plant height, furthermore emphasized the mechanism of hormone-related dwarf mutation in Solanaceae crops. Finially proposed a simple and efficient strategy of gene mining and utilization by modern molecular biological technique based on dwarf mutant.
2021, 22(2):309-316.
DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20200708002
Abstract:
In order to promote the opening and sharing of agricultural germplasm resources in Jiangsu Province, the construction of Jiangsu Agricultural Germplasm Resources Infrastructure had been initiated in 2005. Taking advantage of the efforts over past ten years, a system on the protection and utilization of agricultural germplasm resources combining "four in one" and "storages" has been preliminarily established. This system integrated the information derived from 30 province-level germplasm banks which conserved the crops, trees, aquatic products and domestic animals, thus strongly supporting the innovation of modern agricultural varieties and the development of industry in Jiangsu. However, due to the interdisciplinary and cross-industry construction of the infrastructure, the germplasm banks cover different regions of the province and involve different responsibility subjects of different nature, the operation and management of the infrastructure has been brought certain difficulties, such as a delay on operation service data, complicated statistical procedures and low management efficiency. To further improve the operation and management efficiency of the infrastructure and promote the utilization of germplasm resources, a Browser/Server mode operation management information system of agricultural germplasm resources infrastructure has been established, which are used for online workflow management, realize unified management of running service data and visual display of running service effectiveness. Collectively, the establishment of the system provided visual data supports for infrastructure management and decision-making.
In order to promote the opening and sharing of agricultural germplasm resources in Jiangsu Province, the construction of Jiangsu Agricultural Germplasm Resources Infrastructure had been initiated in 2005. Taking advantage of the efforts over past ten years, a system on the protection and utilization of agricultural germplasm resources combining "four in one" and "storages" has been preliminarily established. This system integrated the information derived from 30 province-level germplasm banks which conserved the crops, trees, aquatic products and domestic animals, thus strongly supporting the innovation of modern agricultural varieties and the development of industry in Jiangsu. However, due to the interdisciplinary and cross-industry construction of the infrastructure, the germplasm banks cover different regions of the province and involve different responsibility subjects of different nature, the operation and management of the infrastructure has been brought certain difficulties, such as a delay on operation service data, complicated statistical procedures and low management efficiency. To further improve the operation and management efficiency of the infrastructure and promote the utilization of germplasm resources, a Browser/Server mode operation management information system of agricultural germplasm resources infrastructure has been established, which are used for online workflow management, realize unified management of running service data and visual display of running service effectiveness. Collectively, the establishment of the system provided visual data supports for infrastructure management and decision-making.
2021, 22(2):304-308.
DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20200910001
Abstract:
Oat (Avena sativa L.) is receiving increasing appreciation as nutritious diet food due to its nutritional benefits and health-care function. Genomics study of oat will help identify and clone the genes underlying important agronomic traits, thus benefiting for the exploitation of oat germplasm resources. This article reviews the important progresses on oat genomics study from the following aspects: (1) the genome designation，genome size and ploidy level variations in the genus Avena; (2) the oat genetic linkage maps constructed by different types of molecular markers; (3) the sequencing of diploid and hexaploid oat species; (4) functional annotation of genes based on quantitative trait locus (QTL) and genome-wide association study (GWAS) approaches; and (5) population genomics or pan-genome study of oat. The prospects of genomics study in oat are proposed, in order to provide reference information for molecular breeding of oat in future.
Oat (Avena sativa L.) is receiving increasing appreciation as nutritious diet food due to its nutritional benefits and health-care function. Genomics study of oat will help identify and clone the genes underlying important agronomic traits, thus benefiting for the exploitation of oat germplasm resources. This article reviews the important progresses on oat genomics study from the following aspects: (1) the genome designation，genome size and ploidy level variations in the genus Avena; (2) the oat genetic linkage maps constructed by different types of molecular markers; (3) the sequencing of diploid and hexaploid oat species; (4) functional annotation of genes based on quantitative trait locus (QTL) and genome-wide association study (GWAS) approaches; and (5) population genomics or pan-genome study of oat. The prospects of genomics study in oat are proposed, in order to provide reference information for molecular breeding of oat in future.
2021, 22(2):293-303.
DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20200805001
Abstract:
Plants with colored foliage provide bright colors and have long viewing periods, which is helpful to improve the ornamental value of urban landscaping. Natural pigments (chlorophyll, carotenoid and anthocyanin) are involved in light-dependent reactions and in response to biotic and abiotic stress, and the changes of their contents and proportions make the leaves show green, yellow, white and purplish-red colors. In this paper, the genetic regulation and external environment factors affecting the biosynthetic pathways of chlorophyll, carotenoids and anthocyanins are reviewed to provide a theoretical basis for explaining the color mechanism of forest tree leaves. The existing studies have shown that environmental factors such as light (photoperiod, light intensity and quality), temperature, drought and salt, and hormone variation stimulate the transcription of transcription factors and the structural genes such as HY5, PIFs and DELLA. Meanwhile, methylated and acetylated chromatin and epigenetic modification after transcription of miRNAs and lncRNAs directly or indirectly regulate the expression of biosynthesis pathway genes of the three pigments. Although the biosynthesis pathways of the three pigments are relatively clear at present, the specific regulatory patterns of the metabolism of the three pigments in colored-leaved forest trees and the environmental signals and hormones still need to be further clarified. In the future, we can construct hybrid populations and Germplasm Resource Bank of colored-leaved plants and make use of genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, metabonomic, phenomic technologies to create new germplasm of colored leaves.
Plants with colored foliage provide bright colors and have long viewing periods, which is helpful to improve the ornamental value of urban landscaping. Natural pigments (chlorophyll, carotenoid and anthocyanin) are involved in light-dependent reactions and in response to biotic and abiotic stress, and the changes of their contents and proportions make the leaves show green, yellow, white and purplish-red colors. In this paper, the genetic regulation and external environment factors affecting the biosynthetic pathways of chlorophyll, carotenoids and anthocyanins are reviewed to provide a theoretical basis for explaining the color mechanism of forest tree leaves. The existing studies have shown that environmental factors such as light (photoperiod, light intensity and quality), temperature, drought and salt, and hormone variation stimulate the transcription of transcription factors and the structural genes such as HY5, PIFs and DELLA. Meanwhile, methylated and acetylated chromatin and epigenetic modification after transcription of miRNAs and lncRNAs directly or indirectly regulate the expression of biosynthesis pathway genes of the three pigments. Although the biosynthesis pathways of the three pigments are relatively clear at present, the specific regulatory patterns of the metabolism of the three pigments in colored-leaved forest trees and the environmental signals and hormones still need to be further clarified. In the future, we can construct hybrid populations and Germplasm Resource Bank of colored-leaved plants and make use of genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, metabonomic, phenomic technologies to create new germplasm of colored leaves.
2021, 22(2):283-292.
DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20200628001
Abstract:
Alkaline (alkalized) soil refers to a type of soil in which the soil colloid contains a high level of exchangeable sodium (alkalinity > 15%), showing a strong alkaline reaction (pH > 8.5), with poor soil structure, and without a high salt content. Alkaline soils and saline soils often coexist, which are collectively called saline-alkaline soils. Different from the stress caused by neutral salt (NaCl) in the saline soil to the crops, the stress caused by the alkaline salt (NaHCO3 and Na2CO3) in the alkaline soil not only includes ion toxicity and osmotic stress, but also more serious damage to crops due to the high pH outside the roots. The traditional method of “reducing alkaline content with planting rice” can improve alkalized soil on a large scale and increase agricultural land area. Therefore, it is important to understand and master the adaptability of rice to alkali stress, create efficient cultivation technique of rice for alkaline land, and then develop new rice varieties with alkali resistance, which are of great practical significance for improving the utilization rate of alkaline (alkalized) land and ensuring regional food security. Based on recent domestic and foreign progresses reported, this paper reviews the rice alkali-tolerance in aspects of morphology and physiological characteristics, gene location and cloning, germplasm identification and screening, and genetic improvement, and present prospects for future research on alkali tolerance of rice. The purpose of this article is to provide a theoretical basis for the improvement of soil and grain by “reducing alkaline content with planting rice”.
Alkaline (alkalized) soil refers to a type of soil in which the soil colloid contains a high level of exchangeable sodium (alkalinity > 15%), showing a strong alkaline reaction (pH > 8.5), with poor soil structure, and without a high salt content. Alkaline soils and saline soils often coexist, which are collectively called saline-alkaline soils. Different from the stress caused by neutral salt (NaCl) in the saline soil to the crops, the stress caused by the alkaline salt (NaHCO3 and Na2CO3) in the alkaline soil not only includes ion toxicity and osmotic stress, but also more serious damage to crops due to the high pH outside the roots. The traditional method of “reducing alkaline content with planting rice” can improve alkalized soil on a large scale and increase agricultural land area. Therefore, it is important to understand and master the adaptability of rice to alkali stress, create efficient cultivation technique of rice for alkaline land, and then develop new rice varieties with alkali resistance, which are of great practical significance for improving the utilization rate of alkaline (alkalized) land and ensuring regional food security. Based on recent domestic and foreign progresses reported, this paper reviews the rice alkali-tolerance in aspects of morphology and physiological characteristics, gene location and cloning, germplasm identification and screening, and genetic improvement, and present prospects for future research on alkali tolerance of rice. The purpose of this article is to provide a theoretical basis for the improvement of soil and grain by “reducing alkaline content with planting rice”.
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