2023, 24(4):917-926.
DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20221220001
Abstract:
MYB is one of the more abundant classes of transcription factors in plants. Its family members play important regulatory roles in all stages of rice reproduction and in a wide range of adversity stresses. For example， it is involved in the regulation of processes such as root development， cell development， secondary cell wall synthesis， tiller development and elongation， floral organ differentiation and development， spike morphogenesis， seed development， the metabolism of various hormones， the synthesis and metabolism of secondary metabolites and biotic and abiotic stress responses. This review describes the classification of the MYB transcription factor family and the protein structures of the different subgroups， and summarizes the recent research progress of MYB family members in growth and development and hormone signalling in the subsurface and aboveground parts of rice. The regulatory roles of MYB family members on rice under abiotic stress conditions such as drought， high temperature， low temperature， high salt and UV damage were highlighted， and the defence role played by MYB genes against biotic stresses such as fungi and pathogens was explored. Finally， throughout the recent progress of research on the MYB transcription factor in rice，we summarized three shortcomings of the latest research progress on MYB transcription factors in rice and proposed three directions for future research on MYB transcription factors.
MYB is one of the more abundant classes of transcription factors in plants. Its family members play important regulatory roles in all stages of rice reproduction and in a wide range of adversity stresses. For example， it is involved in the regulation of processes such as root development， cell development， secondary cell wall synthesis， tiller development and elongation， floral organ differentiation and development， spike morphogenesis， seed development， the metabolism of various hormones， the synthesis and metabolism of secondary metabolites and biotic and abiotic stress responses. This review describes the classification of the MYB transcription factor family and the protein structures of the different subgroups， and summarizes the recent research progress of MYB family members in growth and development and hormone signalling in the subsurface and aboveground parts of rice. The regulatory roles of MYB family members on rice under abiotic stress conditions such as drought， high temperature， low temperature， high salt and UV damage were highlighted， and the defence role played by MYB genes against biotic stresses such as fungi and pathogens was explored. Finally， throughout the recent progress of research on the MYB transcription factor in rice，we summarized three shortcomings of the latest research progress on MYB transcription factors in rice and proposed three directions for future research on MYB transcription factors.
2023, 24(1):102-116.
DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20220809001
Abstract:
Wheat grain， with rich nutrition and various end-uses in markets， provides diets in over one-third of the global human population. However， with the increasing influence of biological and abiotic stresses， such as threats of diseases and pests， environmental damages of drought， high temperature and salinization， the sustainability of global wheat production is under increasing threats. In order to ensure the global food security supply and demands for high quality products， the desirable increases on wheat production and quality require to the constantly developing of new breeding methods and germplasm resources used for wheat breeding. In the past decade， significant progress on plant biotechnologies such as transgenic study and genome editing has been achieved， and gradually applied in wheat genetic improvement. To date， the efficient systems for wheat genetic transformation and genome editing have been established， in which the transformation efficiency for the model genotypes mediated by Agrobacterium is higher than 50% and the editing efficiencies of some target genes via CRISPR/Cas9 reach to 40%-70%. The genotype independency in wheat transformation and genome editing has been overcome almost. Some of wheat traits including disease resistance， stress tolerance， quality feature， yield potential， and growth and development regulation have been modified by using transgenic and gene editing methodologies； many new wheat genetic stocks showing disease resistances to powdery mildew， rusts， scab and yellow mosaic virus， tolerances to pre-harvest sprouting， drought and salt， low gliadin content， high gluten content， male sterility and haploid induction ability were created by the requirement of wheat improvement. This review aims to summarize the latest research progresses on transgene and genome editing in wheat， and to explore the current problems and possible solutions.
Wheat grain， with rich nutrition and various end-uses in markets， provides diets in over one-third of the global human population. However， with the increasing influence of biological and abiotic stresses， such as threats of diseases and pests， environmental damages of drought， high temperature and salinization， the sustainability of global wheat production is under increasing threats. In order to ensure the global food security supply and demands for high quality products， the desirable increases on wheat production and quality require to the constantly developing of new breeding methods and germplasm resources used for wheat breeding. In the past decade， significant progress on plant biotechnologies such as transgenic study and genome editing has been achieved， and gradually applied in wheat genetic improvement. To date， the efficient systems for wheat genetic transformation and genome editing have been established， in which the transformation efficiency for the model genotypes mediated by Agrobacterium is higher than 50% and the editing efficiencies of some target genes via CRISPR/Cas9 reach to 40%-70%. The genotype independency in wheat transformation and genome editing has been overcome almost. Some of wheat traits including disease resistance， stress tolerance， quality feature， yield potential， and growth and development regulation have been modified by using transgenic and gene editing methodologies； many new wheat genetic stocks showing disease resistances to powdery mildew， rusts， scab and yellow mosaic virus， tolerances to pre-harvest sprouting， drought and salt， low gliadin content， high gluten content， male sterility and haploid induction ability were created by the requirement of wheat improvement. This review aims to summarize the latest research progresses on transgene and genome editing in wheat， and to explore the current problems and possible solutions.
MENG Shan
,
XU Ting-ting
,
ZHU Xiao-pin
,
DI Jia-chun
,
ZHU Yin
,
YANG Xin
,
ZOU Shu-qiong
,
YANG Xue
,
QIN Cui-hua
,
YAN Wei
2023, 24(2):419-436.
DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20220818003
Abstract:
Soybean is an important source of plant protein and oil in diets of Chinese residents. Jiangsu province is one of the main soybean producing areas in China. Under the frame of the Third National General Survey and Collection Action of Crop Germplasm Resources， 203 soybean landraces were collected from 35 counties in Jiangsu province from 2016 to 2019. In this study， the genetic diversity based on the phenotypic datasets at 25 traits were investigated. The abundant phenotypic diversity was observed with the diversity index of 12 morphological traits ranging from 0.0311 to 1.3800， and that of 13 quantitative agronomic traits ranging from 1.3850 to 2.0155. The 203 landraces were divided into five groups by cluster analysis. The phenotypic variation at each group was revealed， and the performance of the yield-related traits in IV group was superior. Principal component analysis suggested eight principal components that showed a cumulative contribution rate of 68.361%. The comprehensive scores of 203 soybean resources ranged from 0.140 to 1.385. According to the order of scores， seven elite soybean landraces in Jiangsu province were selected. Collectively， the present study unlocked the genetic diversity of soybean landraces in Jiangsu province， which provided insights for the germplasm innovation and breeding for new soybean varieties.
Soybean is an important source of plant protein and oil in diets of Chinese residents. Jiangsu province is one of the main soybean producing areas in China. Under the frame of the Third National General Survey and Collection Action of Crop Germplasm Resources， 203 soybean landraces were collected from 35 counties in Jiangsu province from 2016 to 2019. In this study， the genetic diversity based on the phenotypic datasets at 25 traits were investigated. The abundant phenotypic diversity was observed with the diversity index of 12 morphological traits ranging from 0.0311 to 1.3800， and that of 13 quantitative agronomic traits ranging from 1.3850 to 2.0155. The 203 landraces were divided into five groups by cluster analysis. The phenotypic variation at each group was revealed， and the performance of the yield-related traits in IV group was superior. Principal component analysis suggested eight principal components that showed a cumulative contribution rate of 68.361%. The comprehensive scores of 203 soybean resources ranged from 0.140 to 1.385. According to the order of scores， seven elite soybean landraces in Jiangsu province were selected. Collectively， the present study unlocked the genetic diversity of soybean landraces in Jiangsu province， which provided insights for the germplasm innovation and breeding for new soybean varieties.
2023, 24(1):1-10.
DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20221127001
Abstract:
Crop germplasm are basic resources for global food security and sustainable development and material base for original innovation of agricultural science and technology and development of modern seed industry. The science of crop germplasm resources is a scientific discipline devoting to the research on diversity and its use of crops and their wild relatives. The three basic theories of the science include the theory of centers of origin of cultivated plants， the law of homologous series in variation and the synergistic evolution theory of crop germplasm resources and cultural environments and social development. The basic attributes of the science include genetic diversity， genetic specificity， genetic integrity and genetic accumulativeness. The science covers theories， technologies， management and systems involving in survey， conservation， evaluation， research， germplasm enhancement and sharing service of crop germplasm resources. This paper establishes the theoretical framework of the science of crop germplasm resources， defines basic concepts and attributes related， and proposes development strategies of the science， esp. in China.
Crop germplasm are basic resources for global food security and sustainable development and material base for original innovation of agricultural science and technology and development of modern seed industry. The science of crop germplasm resources is a scientific discipline devoting to the research on diversity and its use of crops and their wild relatives. The three basic theories of the science include the theory of centers of origin of cultivated plants， the law of homologous series in variation and the synergistic evolution theory of crop germplasm resources and cultural environments and social development. The basic attributes of the science include genetic diversity， genetic specificity， genetic integrity and genetic accumulativeness. The science covers theories， technologies， management and systems involving in survey， conservation， evaluation， research， germplasm enhancement and sharing service of crop germplasm resources. This paper establishes the theoretical framework of the science of crop germplasm resources， defines basic concepts and attributes related， and proposes development strategies of the science， esp. in China.
2023, 24(3):636-647.
DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20221018002
Abstract:
Rice landraces harbour many elite genes modulating important agronomic traits， and are important resources in rice genetic improvement. In this study， 47 pairs of SSR markers and 16 phenotypic traits were deployed to conduct the genetic diversity and clustering analysis of 58 excellent rice landraces. The results showed that 284 polymorphic alleles were amplified from 58 rice landraces with an average of 6.04 polymorphic sites （variations： 3 to 10）； the polymorphism information content （PIC） ranged from 0.38 to 0.81 with an average of 0.67； and the genetic diversity index （GDI） ranged from 0.76 to 1.88 with an average of 1.36. These suggested that these SSR markers revealed rich polymorphisms and were able to clarity these rice landraces. The variations on 16 phenotypic traits of this collection were largely different； the variation coefficients of awn length， flag leaf angle and filled grains per panicle were 2.15， 0.73 and 0.51， respectively； those of panicle length， growth period， thousand-grain weight and flag leaf width were below 0.2. The clustering analysis showed that the dendrogram of this collection based on either markers or phenotypic traits were generally consistent. In some lines sharing pedigree （Erjiunan 1， Guangluai 4， Lucaihao， Aijiaonant， Jinnante， Guangluai 15）， or sister lines （between Hanmadao 1 and Hanmadao 2， Meihuanuo 1 and Meihuanuo 2， Muguanuo 1 and Muguanuo 2， Xiangnuo 1 and Xiangnuo 2）， they were clustered together using either of both datasets. Collectively， gained from evaluating the genetic diversity of different rice landraces， this study provided insights in selection of elite parental lines applicable in rice breeding.
Rice landraces harbour many elite genes modulating important agronomic traits， and are important resources in rice genetic improvement. In this study， 47 pairs of SSR markers and 16 phenotypic traits were deployed to conduct the genetic diversity and clustering analysis of 58 excellent rice landraces. The results showed that 284 polymorphic alleles were amplified from 58 rice landraces with an average of 6.04 polymorphic sites （variations： 3 to 10）； the polymorphism information content （PIC） ranged from 0.38 to 0.81 with an average of 0.67； and the genetic diversity index （GDI） ranged from 0.76 to 1.88 with an average of 1.36. These suggested that these SSR markers revealed rich polymorphisms and were able to clarity these rice landraces. The variations on 16 phenotypic traits of this collection were largely different； the variation coefficients of awn length， flag leaf angle and filled grains per panicle were 2.15， 0.73 and 0.51， respectively； those of panicle length， growth period， thousand-grain weight and flag leaf width were below 0.2. The clustering analysis showed that the dendrogram of this collection based on either markers or phenotypic traits were generally consistent. In some lines sharing pedigree （Erjiunan 1， Guangluai 4， Lucaihao， Aijiaonant， Jinnante， Guangluai 15）， or sister lines （between Hanmadao 1 and Hanmadao 2， Meihuanuo 1 and Meihuanuo 2， Muguanuo 1 and Muguanuo 2， Xiangnuo 1 and Xiangnuo 2）， they were clustered together using either of both datasets. Collectively， gained from evaluating the genetic diversity of different rice landraces， this study provided insights in selection of elite parental lines applicable in rice breeding.
ZHANG Hui-fang
,
QI Hong-zhi
,
SUN Yan
,
FENG Xiao
,
YANG Cui-ping
,
ZHUO Wen-fei
,
YAN Zhao-ling
,
QI Xue-li
2023, 24(3):719-731.
DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20220703001
Abstract:
In order to systematically understand the current status on the character diversity of wheat varieties from different origins （southern part and northern part） in Huang-Huai winter wheat region， 109 newly-released varieties from this region were investigated in this study. The character diversity analysis and comprehensive evaluation based on 12 agronomic and quality traits were carried out by using Shannon-Wiener diversity index （H′?）， cluster analysis， principal component analysis， regression model construction， etc. 84 and 25 varieties were collected from the southern and northern part of Huang-Huai winter wheat region， accounting for 77.1% and 22.9%， respectively. The wheat varieties showing strong gluten and medium strong gluten accounted for 11.9% and 16.5% respectively， accounting for 28.4% in total. The variation coefficient on 12 traits ranged from 1.66% to 76.64%， with an average of 11.37%. The variation coefficient of stabilization time was the largest， and the variation coefficient of bulk density was the smallest. The H′ index on 12 traits ranged from 1.50 to 4.65， with an average of 3.78. The H′ index on basic seedling was the smallest （1.50）， and the rest H′ were above 3.00. The H′ on 12 traits of wheat in the northern part was higher than that in the southern part， with an increase of 24.7%-188.6%. The increase of growth period was the smallest， and the increase of basic seedling was the largest. At the square Euclidean distance of 10.0， 109 wheat varieties were grouped into six categories， mostly being coincidence with their origins. There were significant or extremely significant differences in bulk density， growth period， spike number and water absorption rate of wheat varieties from different origins， part which were 0.9%， 3.5%， 11.0% and 4.1% lower in the southern than that in the northern， respectively. The cumulative contribution rates of the first six principal components of wheat varieties from different origins had little difference， with 80.25% in the southern part and 83.33% in the northern part. The comprehensive scores of wheat varieties from different origins were strong gluten wheat > medium strong gluten and medium gluten wheat. The richness and uniformity of wheat traits in the northern part were higher than those in the southern part， and the evolutionary potential was higher. The five traits of spike number， grain number per spike， bulk density， protein content and water absorption rate could be used to evaluate the comprehensive performance of northern part wheat varieties. Gained from these results， it is suggested that future improvement of wheat varieties in the southern part would profile from enlarging the genetic basis. The six traits including growth period， spike number， yield， bulk density， protein content and wet gluten content could be used to evaluate the comprehensive performance of wheat varieties in this region.
In order to systematically understand the current status on the character diversity of wheat varieties from different origins （southern part and northern part） in Huang-Huai winter wheat region， 109 newly-released varieties from this region were investigated in this study. The character diversity analysis and comprehensive evaluation based on 12 agronomic and quality traits were carried out by using Shannon-Wiener diversity index （H′?）， cluster analysis， principal component analysis， regression model construction， etc. 84 and 25 varieties were collected from the southern and northern part of Huang-Huai winter wheat region， accounting for 77.1% and 22.9%， respectively. The wheat varieties showing strong gluten and medium strong gluten accounted for 11.9% and 16.5% respectively， accounting for 28.4% in total. The variation coefficient on 12 traits ranged from 1.66% to 76.64%， with an average of 11.37%. The variation coefficient of stabilization time was the largest， and the variation coefficient of bulk density was the smallest. The H′ index on 12 traits ranged from 1.50 to 4.65， with an average of 3.78. The H′ index on basic seedling was the smallest （1.50）， and the rest H′ were above 3.00. The H′ on 12 traits of wheat in the northern part was higher than that in the southern part， with an increase of 24.7%-188.6%. The increase of growth period was the smallest， and the increase of basic seedling was the largest. At the square Euclidean distance of 10.0， 109 wheat varieties were grouped into six categories， mostly being coincidence with their origins. There were significant or extremely significant differences in bulk density， growth period， spike number and water absorption rate of wheat varieties from different origins， part which were 0.9%， 3.5%， 11.0% and 4.1% lower in the southern than that in the northern， respectively. The cumulative contribution rates of the first six principal components of wheat varieties from different origins had little difference， with 80.25% in the southern part and 83.33% in the northern part. The comprehensive scores of wheat varieties from different origins were strong gluten wheat > medium strong gluten and medium gluten wheat. The richness and uniformity of wheat traits in the northern part were higher than those in the southern part， and the evolutionary potential was higher. The five traits of spike number， grain number per spike， bulk density， protein content and water absorption rate could be used to evaluate the comprehensive performance of northern part wheat varieties. Gained from these results， it is suggested that future improvement of wheat varieties in the southern part would profile from enlarging the genetic basis. The six traits including growth period， spike number， yield， bulk density， protein content and wet gluten content could be used to evaluate the comprehensive performance of wheat varieties in this region.
LIU Qing-qing
,
LI Xiong-jie
,
MA Ya-qiong
,
CHENG Mei-jia
,
WANG Cheng-zhao
,
GAO Pei
,
MA Fu-lin
,
HAO Jing-wen
,
LIU Rui
,
YE Gui-sheng
,
MA Yu-hua
2023, 24(4):1057-1064.
DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20230115001
Abstract:
In order to explore the phenotypic diversity of wild Hippophae rhamnoides subsp. sinensis resources in Qinghai province， 150 wild seabuckthorn resources from 10 regions in Qinghai province were collected and 12 phenotypic traits were analyzed. The results showed that seabuckthorn represented rich phenotypic diversity， with the coefficient of variation of 12 phenotypic characters ranged from 16.49% to 58.76%. Especially， three trait including ground diameter， tree height and thorn length were observed with great variations， showing the coefficient of variation over 50%. Correlation analysis revealed significant or extremely significant correlations among all characters except tree height， branch， ground diameter and leaf width. The phenotypic traits were observed correlating with latitude and altitude. The different traits were affected by different geographical factors， among which the leaf traits were largely affected. Four principal components with eigenvalues greater than 1 were revealed by principal component analysis， showing the cumulative contribution rate of 86.35%. Hundred fruit weight was detected with the greatest effect on phenotypic traits diversity. These results indicate abundant phenotypic diversity in population of seabuckthorn resources in Qinghai， with great potential for exploitation and utilization. This study provided a scientific basis for the breeding and preservation of excellent germplasm resources of Hippophae rhamnoides subsp. sinensis.
In order to explore the phenotypic diversity of wild Hippophae rhamnoides subsp. sinensis resources in Qinghai province， 150 wild seabuckthorn resources from 10 regions in Qinghai province were collected and 12 phenotypic traits were analyzed. The results showed that seabuckthorn represented rich phenotypic diversity， with the coefficient of variation of 12 phenotypic characters ranged from 16.49% to 58.76%. Especially， three trait including ground diameter， tree height and thorn length were observed with great variations， showing the coefficient of variation over 50%. Correlation analysis revealed significant or extremely significant correlations among all characters except tree height， branch， ground diameter and leaf width. The phenotypic traits were observed correlating with latitude and altitude. The different traits were affected by different geographical factors， among which the leaf traits were largely affected. Four principal components with eigenvalues greater than 1 were revealed by principal component analysis， showing the cumulative contribution rate of 86.35%. Hundred fruit weight was detected with the greatest effect on phenotypic traits diversity. These results indicate abundant phenotypic diversity in population of seabuckthorn resources in Qinghai， with great potential for exploitation and utilization. This study provided a scientific basis for the breeding and preservation of excellent germplasm resources of Hippophae rhamnoides subsp. sinensis.
QUAN Wei
,
MA Jin-xiu
,
HUA Zheng-rong
,
ZUO Jing-hong
,
WANG Wei-wei
,
WANG Jun-wen
,
ZHANG Li-ping
,
PANG Bin-shuang
,
ZHAO Chang-ping
2023, 24(3):701-718.
DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20221031003
Abstract:
In order to clarify the situation of the quality-related genes and corresponding traits of Chinese wheat varieties， 530 wheat varieties released in China in the recent years were analyzed for volume weight， crude protein content， wet gluten content， water absorption and stability time. This collection was genotyped with 13 quality related KASP markers， enabling deciphering the distribution and pyramiding of favorable alleles in wheat-planting areas. The frequency of favorable alleles among different regions was unevenly distributed. The frequencies of 1BL/1RS （-）， 1Ax 1/1Ax 2*， Pinb-D1b and Pinb-B2b were significantly different among different regions， while no difference on the frequency of 1Bx17+1By18， TaPsy-D1a and TaPod-A1b among different regions was observed. Twelve genotypes containing four elite alleles of 1B/1R （-）， 1Ax 1/1Ax 2*， 1Dx5+1Dy10 and glu-B3g+ at five gluten quality related loci were identified. For three grain hardness genes， the elite alleles combination （Pina-D1b + Pinb-D1b + Pinb-B2b） was not detected， while the combinations of either Pina-D1b + Pinb-B2b or Pinb-D1b + Pinb-B2b were found in 16 and 88 samples， respectively. Ten samples were found containing favorable allelic variants of five color related genes. Four genotypes simultaneously containing 10 favorable alleles were obtained， and 16 varieties with 9 favorable allelic variants were found. The results of quality analysis showed that there were regional differences in quality traits， and the stability time was inconsistent with protein content and wet gluten content. The frequency of elite alleles at gluten quality related genes， such as 1BL/1RS （-）， 1Ax1/1Ax2* and 1Dx5+1Dy10， was significantly different in the wheat varieties with strong gluten， medium strong gluten and medium gluten， and the allele frequency was positively correlated with the quality.
In order to clarify the situation of the quality-related genes and corresponding traits of Chinese wheat varieties， 530 wheat varieties released in China in the recent years were analyzed for volume weight， crude protein content， wet gluten content， water absorption and stability time. This collection was genotyped with 13 quality related KASP markers， enabling deciphering the distribution and pyramiding of favorable alleles in wheat-planting areas. The frequency of favorable alleles among different regions was unevenly distributed. The frequencies of 1BL/1RS （-）， 1Ax 1/1Ax 2*， Pinb-D1b and Pinb-B2b were significantly different among different regions， while no difference on the frequency of 1Bx17+1By18， TaPsy-D1a and TaPod-A1b among different regions was observed. Twelve genotypes containing four elite alleles of 1B/1R （-）， 1Ax 1/1Ax 2*， 1Dx5+1Dy10 and glu-B3g+ at five gluten quality related loci were identified. For three grain hardness genes， the elite alleles combination （Pina-D1b + Pinb-D1b + Pinb-B2b） was not detected， while the combinations of either Pina-D1b + Pinb-B2b or Pinb-D1b + Pinb-B2b were found in 16 and 88 samples， respectively. Ten samples were found containing favorable allelic variants of five color related genes. Four genotypes simultaneously containing 10 favorable alleles were obtained， and 16 varieties with 9 favorable allelic variants were found. The results of quality analysis showed that there were regional differences in quality traits， and the stability time was inconsistent with protein content and wet gluten content. The frequency of elite alleles at gluten quality related genes， such as 1BL/1RS （-）， 1Ax1/1Ax2* and 1Dx5+1Dy10， was significantly different in the wheat varieties with strong gluten， medium strong gluten and medium gluten， and the allele frequency was positively correlated with the quality.
LAN Mengjiao
,
KOU Meng
,
XIAO Manqiu
,
LI Chen
,
PAN Hao
,
ZHANG Yungang
,
LU Lingzhi
,
HOU Longying
,
GE Ruihua
,
WU Wensheng
,
LI Qiang
2023, 24(5):1223-1235.
DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20230322001
Abstract:
AP2/ERF （APETALA2/ethylene responsive factor） is one of the largest transcription factor （TF） families in plants， which contains at least one specific AP2 domains composed of 60-70 highly conserved amino acids. Depending on the number and sequence similarity of AP2 domains， this family can be classified into five subfamilies： AP2 （APETALA2）， DREB （dehydration-responsive element binding proteins）， ERF （ethylene-responsive factor）， RAV （related to AB13/VP）， and Soloist. AP2/ERF TFs regulate their expression by binding to target genes through YRG and RAYD conserved elements in the AP2 domain. At present， AP2/ERF TFs have become a hot candidate gene for studying plant stress resistance mechanisms and biosynthesis of active ingredients. More and more AP2/ERF families and their members have been reported. In this review， we summarized the latest research achievements on plant AP2/ERF family， including the structural characteristics and classification， and the research progress of AP2/ERF TFs involved in regulation of plant secondary metabolites synthesis， participation in biological and abiotic stress response was mainly introduced.Meanwhile， possible hot research topics and fields of AP2/ERF were proposed，which may provide a reference for further mining and utilization of such transcription factor genes for plant genetic improvement and germplasm innovation.
AP2/ERF （APETALA2/ethylene responsive factor） is one of the largest transcription factor （TF） families in plants， which contains at least one specific AP2 domains composed of 60-70 highly conserved amino acids. Depending on the number and sequence similarity of AP2 domains， this family can be classified into five subfamilies： AP2 （APETALA2）， DREB （dehydration-responsive element binding proteins）， ERF （ethylene-responsive factor）， RAV （related to AB13/VP）， and Soloist. AP2/ERF TFs regulate their expression by binding to target genes through YRG and RAYD conserved elements in the AP2 domain. At present， AP2/ERF TFs have become a hot candidate gene for studying plant stress resistance mechanisms and biosynthesis of active ingredients. More and more AP2/ERF families and their members have been reported. In this review， we summarized the latest research achievements on plant AP2/ERF family， including the structural characteristics and classification， and the research progress of AP2/ERF TFs involved in regulation of plant secondary metabolites synthesis， participation in biological and abiotic stress response was mainly introduced.Meanwhile， possible hot research topics and fields of AP2/ERF were proposed，which may provide a reference for further mining and utilization of such transcription factor genes for plant genetic improvement and germplasm innovation.
10 Analysis of Agronomic and Quality Characters of Color-grained Wheat in China in The Past 25 Years
ZHANG Min-min
,
YAN Qiu-yan
,
DONG Fei
,
SHEN Yan-ting
,
JIA Ya-qin
,
YAN Shuang-dui
,
LU Jin-xiu
,
YANG Feng
,
LI Feng
,
CAI Yue
,
YU Zhang-long
,
SONG Yu
,
QI Chen
,
WU Lin-jia
2023, 24(2):458-473.
DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20220809002
Abstract:
Fifty-six color-grained wheat varieties， which were released from different provinces in China in the past 25 years， were investigated in this study. The variation coefficient， principal component analysis and cluster analysis were applied to evaluate their five agronomic and three quality traits， which would provide reference for germplasm resources innovation and new varieties breeding in China. The results showed that the variation coefficient in the growth period， plant height， kernels per spike， 1000-grain weight and grain yield ranged from 8.11% to 21.82%， especially for the yield and growth period both with a higher variation coefficient. The variation coefficient of three quality traits protein content， bulk density and wet gluten content ranged from 3.44% to 15.06%， among which the bulk density was stable and the variation of protein and wet gluten content was abundant. Most of the varieties released by Shanxi Province， Anhui Province and Beijing showed good quality， and wheat varieties from Shandong Province showed better yield performance. There were no significant differences in traits among different color-grained wheat. The correlation analysis showed that the growth period negetively correlated with the plant height. The 1000-grain weight was observed to be positively correlated with the kernels per spike. The protein content positively correlated with the wet gluten content and growth period. The principal component analysis simplified the six traits into three principal components， with a cumulative contribution rate of 67.55%. The first principal component was associated with the bulk density， the second principal component was associated with the yield， and the third principal component was associated with the protein and wet gluten content. Cluster analysis suggested the 56 color-grained wheat resources into four groups at a distance of 12.5， among which the first group had better comprehensive traits. The varieties Shannong Lanmai 1 had the highest F value （1.02）， and Liuzi Heimai 1 had the second highest F value （0.99）. According to the trend of color-grained wheat variety traits， the growth period and yield attended to be increased within years， while the plant height and protein content attended to be decreased. Collectively， in breeding for color-grained wheat varieties the yield performance was the major target， and future improvement on the quality traits， especially the protein content would become of interest.
Fifty-six color-grained wheat varieties， which were released from different provinces in China in the past 25 years， were investigated in this study. The variation coefficient， principal component analysis and cluster analysis were applied to evaluate their five agronomic and three quality traits， which would provide reference for germplasm resources innovation and new varieties breeding in China. The results showed that the variation coefficient in the growth period， plant height， kernels per spike， 1000-grain weight and grain yield ranged from 8.11% to 21.82%， especially for the yield and growth period both with a higher variation coefficient. The variation coefficient of three quality traits protein content， bulk density and wet gluten content ranged from 3.44% to 15.06%， among which the bulk density was stable and the variation of protein and wet gluten content was abundant. Most of the varieties released by Shanxi Province， Anhui Province and Beijing showed good quality， and wheat varieties from Shandong Province showed better yield performance. There were no significant differences in traits among different color-grained wheat. The correlation analysis showed that the growth period negetively correlated with the plant height. The 1000-grain weight was observed to be positively correlated with the kernels per spike. The protein content positively correlated with the wet gluten content and growth period. The principal component analysis simplified the six traits into three principal components， with a cumulative contribution rate of 67.55%. The first principal component was associated with the bulk density， the second principal component was associated with the yield， and the third principal component was associated with the protein and wet gluten content. Cluster analysis suggested the 56 color-grained wheat resources into four groups at a distance of 12.5， among which the first group had better comprehensive traits. The varieties Shannong Lanmai 1 had the highest F value （1.02）， and Liuzi Heimai 1 had the second highest F value （0.99）. According to the trend of color-grained wheat variety traits， the growth period and yield attended to be increased within years， while the plant height and protein content attended to be decreased. Collectively， in breeding for color-grained wheat varieties the yield performance was the major target， and future improvement on the quality traits， especially the protein content would become of interest.
2023, 24(3):615-623.
DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20221024005
Abstract:
Anthocyanins， which are natural pigments and serve as important natural antioxidants scavenging free radicals， are rich in a variety of compounds that are important in health care. Anthocyanins affect the ripening， taste and color of fruits and vegetables， and prevent plants from abiotic and biotic stresses. Therefore， optimizing anthocyanin content is regarded as the breeding goal in many horticultural crops. As the secondary ethylene signaling transcription factors， ethylene response factors （ERFs） respond to plant hormone signaling and can result in feedback regulation， and these genes are known to modulate the process of ethylene regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis via various mechanisms. In terms of the molecular mode， ERFs in regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis rely on the physical interaction with transcription factors， activating transcription factors， forming regulatory complexes with MBW or directly activating structural gene promoters. This study aims to provide a theoretical basis for further elucidating the mechanism of ERF regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis， and to explore the relationship between the rapid accumulation of anthocyanins and the increase of ethylene release in fruits and vegetables at the late ripening stage.
Anthocyanins， which are natural pigments and serve as important natural antioxidants scavenging free radicals， are rich in a variety of compounds that are important in health care. Anthocyanins affect the ripening， taste and color of fruits and vegetables， and prevent plants from abiotic and biotic stresses. Therefore， optimizing anthocyanin content is regarded as the breeding goal in many horticultural crops. As the secondary ethylene signaling transcription factors， ethylene response factors （ERFs） respond to plant hormone signaling and can result in feedback regulation， and these genes are known to modulate the process of ethylene regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis via various mechanisms. In terms of the molecular mode， ERFs in regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis rely on the physical interaction with transcription factors， activating transcription factors， forming regulatory complexes with MBW or directly activating structural gene promoters. This study aims to provide a theoretical basis for further elucidating the mechanism of ERF regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis， and to explore the relationship between the rapid accumulation of anthocyanins and the increase of ethylene release in fruits and vegetables at the late ripening stage.
2023, 24(1):317-324.
DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20220726001
Abstract:
This paper describes a new type of fresh corn-waxy corn with sweet taste and the representative varieties. Through the innovation and improvement of waxy corn germplasm， all the grains of the waxy corn with sweet taste are waxy with 12% brix or higher on average sugar content during the suitable harvesting period， which is significantly higher than that of ordinary waxy corn. This type of corn is sweet and forms a special taste quality of “waxy with sweet”. In 2011， fresh corn innovation team of Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences initiated the program of “waxy corn with sweet taste” germplasm innovation and variety cultivation. Using innovative and integrated breeding methods such as “high-quality， large-group， strict-selection”， “individual plant test”， and “elite lines aggregation”， and a large number of field phenotype identification and evaluation of grain sugar content and taste quality， we produced the waxy corn backbone inbred line ZN3. Using ZN3 as parent， a waxy corn with sweet taste variety Jingkenuo768 was released with 14% brix on the sugar content of fresh kernels. Jingkenuo768 shows the overall advantage， such as high sweetness in kernels， good taste quality， high and stable yield， multi-resistance and wide adaptability， long harvest periods， etc.， and has been rated in list of “Top Ten Excellent Variety in China”. Jingkenuo768 passed the national examination at four ecological zones in 2021， suitable for planting in the national fresh corn ecological zones. The waxy corn with sweet taste will lead the direction of waxy corn development in the future.
This paper describes a new type of fresh corn-waxy corn with sweet taste and the representative varieties. Through the innovation and improvement of waxy corn germplasm， all the grains of the waxy corn with sweet taste are waxy with 12% brix or higher on average sugar content during the suitable harvesting period， which is significantly higher than that of ordinary waxy corn. This type of corn is sweet and forms a special taste quality of “waxy with sweet”. In 2011， fresh corn innovation team of Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences initiated the program of “waxy corn with sweet taste” germplasm innovation and variety cultivation. Using innovative and integrated breeding methods such as “high-quality， large-group， strict-selection”， “individual plant test”， and “elite lines aggregation”， and a large number of field phenotype identification and evaluation of grain sugar content and taste quality， we produced the waxy corn backbone inbred line ZN3. Using ZN3 as parent， a waxy corn with sweet taste variety Jingkenuo768 was released with 14% brix on the sugar content of fresh kernels. Jingkenuo768 shows the overall advantage， such as high sweetness in kernels， good taste quality， high and stable yield， multi-resistance and wide adaptability， long harvest periods， etc.， and has been rated in list of “Top Ten Excellent Variety in China”. Jingkenuo768 passed the national examination at four ecological zones in 2021， suitable for planting in the national fresh corn ecological zones. The waxy corn with sweet taste will lead the direction of waxy corn development in the future.
2023, 24(4):993-1006.
DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20221224001
Abstract:
Grain size and morphology is one of the main factors that determine the wheat yield. It is of great significance to mine the associated loci of grain size and morphology related traits and screen related candidate genes for improving wheat yield. In this study， 300 representative natural populations of winter wheat were used to identify the phenotype at nine grain traits， including 1000-grain weight， grain length， grain width， grain thickness， grain length-width ratio， grain area， grain perimeter， grain shape and grain plumpness. This collection was genotyped by 90K SNP chip， followed by genome-wide association study using mixed linear model （MLM+Q+K）. The results showed that these traits showed rich phenotypic variation， with the coefficient of variation ranged from 3.80%~26.06% and the broad heritability from 56.25% to 91.98%. Sixty-six loci （P≤0.001） were detected by GWAS on 18 chromosomes except 3D， 4D and 5D， explaining 3.74%~14.34% of phenotypic variation at each locus. Thirty-seven pleiotropic loci were found associating with two or more grain traits. Especially， the BS00022512_51 marker on chromosome 3B was simultaneously correlated with 4 grain traits （grain length， grain width， grain thickness and grain length-width ratio）?， with the largest apparent contribution rate （7.06%~14.34%）. The wsnp_Ex_c4480_8055475 markers on chromosome 6D were simultaneously associated with six grain traits except grain thickness， grain shape and grain plumpness， and the phenotypic contribution rate was 3.81%~8.25%. Haplotype analysis of BS00022512_51 and wsnp_Ex_c4480_8055475 markers showed that there were three haplotypes of GC-Hap1， AT-Hap2 and AC-Hap3 in wsnp_Ex_c4480_8055475 loucs on chromosome 6D， and Haplotype GC-Hap1 is a haplotype with large grains and high 1000-grain weight. The three haplotypes accounted for 65.58% and 32.25% and 2.17% in population， respectively. Haplotype GC-Hap1 was predominant in four winter wheat regions in China. Nine candidate genes were proposed based on 37 significantly-associated multiple effect SNPs.
Grain size and morphology is one of the main factors that determine the wheat yield. It is of great significance to mine the associated loci of grain size and morphology related traits and screen related candidate genes for improving wheat yield. In this study， 300 representative natural populations of winter wheat were used to identify the phenotype at nine grain traits， including 1000-grain weight， grain length， grain width， grain thickness， grain length-width ratio， grain area， grain perimeter， grain shape and grain plumpness. This collection was genotyped by 90K SNP chip， followed by genome-wide association study using mixed linear model （MLM+Q+K）. The results showed that these traits showed rich phenotypic variation， with the coefficient of variation ranged from 3.80%~26.06% and the broad heritability from 56.25% to 91.98%. Sixty-six loci （P≤0.001） were detected by GWAS on 18 chromosomes except 3D， 4D and 5D， explaining 3.74%~14.34% of phenotypic variation at each locus. Thirty-seven pleiotropic loci were found associating with two or more grain traits. Especially， the BS00022512_51 marker on chromosome 3B was simultaneously correlated with 4 grain traits （grain length， grain width， grain thickness and grain length-width ratio）?， with the largest apparent contribution rate （7.06%~14.34%）. The wsnp_Ex_c4480_8055475 markers on chromosome 6D were simultaneously associated with six grain traits except grain thickness， grain shape and grain plumpness， and the phenotypic contribution rate was 3.81%~8.25%. Haplotype analysis of BS00022512_51 and wsnp_Ex_c4480_8055475 markers showed that there were three haplotypes of GC-Hap1， AT-Hap2 and AC-Hap3 in wsnp_Ex_c4480_8055475 loucs on chromosome 6D， and Haplotype GC-Hap1 is a haplotype with large grains and high 1000-grain weight. The three haplotypes accounted for 65.58% and 32.25% and 2.17% in population， respectively. Haplotype GC-Hap1 was predominant in four winter wheat regions in China. Nine candidate genes were proposed based on 37 significantly-associated multiple effect SNPs.
ZHANG Lei-lei
,
FAN A-qi
,
HONG Mei
,
MA Zhi-hua
,
CHEN Jin-rui
,
ZHAO Shuang-yin
,
ZHENG Kai
,
Tu'er-xun Tu'er-hong
2023, 24(1):307-316.
DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20220815003
Abstract:
The variation coefficient analysis， genetic diversity analysis， correlation analysis， principal component analysis and cluster analysis of 647 island cotton germplasm resources were carried out in order to screen more diverse types of island cotton germplasm resources for parent selection and variety breeding in the future. The variation range of quantitative index of 647 sea island cotton germplasm resources was 2.4608%~36.4320%， indicating the rich diversity among sea island cotton germplasm resources. The number of stem hairs， leaf color， leaf hairs， petal basal spot size， main stem hardness， fruit branch type and style length of island cotton germplasm resources were variable， and these external descriptive traits could be directly used for the improvement of plant morphology. Genetic diversity analysis of quantitative indicators showed that the diversity of indicators reflecting fiber quality was more abundant than that reflecting yield， and germplasm resources could be used for improving fiber quality and maturity. Correlation analysis revealed a significant correlation between different quantitative traits. Among them， the first fruit branch node was significantly negatively correlated with the average length of the upper half， the uniformity index and the breaking strength， the sub-index was significantly negatively correlated with the micronaire value， and the lint percentage was significantly negatively correlated with the average length of the upper half. The above correlation is consistent with previous research results on upland cotton， The complicated interaction mode implied a comprehensive evaluation by integrating multiple datasets in germplasm innovation. The principal component analysis showed that the cumulative contribution rate of the first five eigenvalues reached 75.761%. The first principal component was related to fiber quality， the second principal component was related to seed cotton yield， the third principal component was related to elongation， the fourth principal component was related to maturity， and the fifth principal component was related to lint percentage. When the genetic distance was 10， the germplasm resources were divided into 6 groups by cluster analysis. The comprehensive performance of cluster II was better. In actual breeding， targeted selection and improvement can be carried out according to breeding objectives.
The variation coefficient analysis， genetic diversity analysis， correlation analysis， principal component analysis and cluster analysis of 647 island cotton germplasm resources were carried out in order to screen more diverse types of island cotton germplasm resources for parent selection and variety breeding in the future. The variation range of quantitative index of 647 sea island cotton germplasm resources was 2.4608%~36.4320%， indicating the rich diversity among sea island cotton germplasm resources. The number of stem hairs， leaf color， leaf hairs， petal basal spot size， main stem hardness， fruit branch type and style length of island cotton germplasm resources were variable， and these external descriptive traits could be directly used for the improvement of plant morphology. Genetic diversity analysis of quantitative indicators showed that the diversity of indicators reflecting fiber quality was more abundant than that reflecting yield， and germplasm resources could be used for improving fiber quality and maturity. Correlation analysis revealed a significant correlation between different quantitative traits. Among them， the first fruit branch node was significantly negatively correlated with the average length of the upper half， the uniformity index and the breaking strength， the sub-index was significantly negatively correlated with the micronaire value， and the lint percentage was significantly negatively correlated with the average length of the upper half. The above correlation is consistent with previous research results on upland cotton， The complicated interaction mode implied a comprehensive evaluation by integrating multiple datasets in germplasm innovation. The principal component analysis showed that the cumulative contribution rate of the first five eigenvalues reached 75.761%. The first principal component was related to fiber quality， the second principal component was related to seed cotton yield， the third principal component was related to elongation， the fourth principal component was related to maturity， and the fifth principal component was related to lint percentage. When the genetic distance was 10， the germplasm resources were divided into 6 groups by cluster analysis. The comprehensive performance of cluster II was better. In actual breeding， targeted selection and improvement can be carried out according to breeding objectives.
2023, 24(1):181-193.
DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20220822005
Abstract:
The purpose of this study was to explore the phenotypic diversity of Gentiana rigescens Franch. ex Hemsl and establish a comprehensive evaluation method for excellent provenances of the species. The phenotypic datasets of 19 traits in 477 individuals from Yunnan province were collected. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index， principal component analysis， membership function， and partial least square were used to evaluate the provenances of G. rigescens Franch. The value of Shannon-Wiener diversity index（H'）of root， stem， and leaf traits of 477 individuals ranged from 1.59 to 2.06. At the several traits such as root diameter（H'=2.00）， stem diameter（H'=2.00）， root/biomass ratio（H'=2.02） and root water content（H'=2.06）， the highest H' values were observed. The dry weight of aerial part of plants showed the lowest H' value（H'=1.59）. The plant traits of G. rigescens Franch. which was from different geographical regions were significant differences（P<0.05）. Notably， the root yield traits value of G. rigescens Franch. from southern Yunnan was significantly higher than those in other distribution areas（P<0.05）. Based on the comprehensive evaluation value（D value）of phenotypes， the D value of 477 G. rigescens Franch. ranged from 0.50 to 2.45. The individuals collected from western and northwestern Yunnan（D=1.17±0.03）and southern Yunnan（D=1.19±0.37）had higher comprehensive evaluation value. Meanwhile， the D value of the individuals collected from central Yunnan（D=1.00±0.30）and southeastern Yunnan（D=1.00±0.32） were lower. The Yunxian population had the highest comprehensive evaluation value of plant（D=1.24±0.14）， and small differences in traits among individuals within the population（CV=11.02%）. It suggested that individuals of Yunxian population were excellent provenances. Through the analysis of PLS-R and PLS-DA， it was found that root fresh weight， root dry weight， dry weight of plant， branch number， fiber number， dry weight of aerial part， stem diameter and leaf length（VIP>1.00）were the key traits for the discrimination of good and bad provenances. And the environmental factors such as soil properties， precipitation during plant growing period and average temperature in the driest season were closely related to the high yield traits of G. rigescens Franch.（VIP>1.00）. The higher content of sandy and the lower content of clay in soil， drought and high temperature might lead to reduce of root fresh weight， dry weight and root number. The higher precipitation in April， May and November was observed with positive effects at root-relates traits.
The purpose of this study was to explore the phenotypic diversity of Gentiana rigescens Franch. ex Hemsl and establish a comprehensive evaluation method for excellent provenances of the species. The phenotypic datasets of 19 traits in 477 individuals from Yunnan province were collected. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index， principal component analysis， membership function， and partial least square were used to evaluate the provenances of G. rigescens Franch. The value of Shannon-Wiener diversity index（H'）of root， stem， and leaf traits of 477 individuals ranged from 1.59 to 2.06. At the several traits such as root diameter（H'=2.00）， stem diameter（H'=2.00）， root/biomass ratio（H'=2.02） and root water content（H'=2.06）， the highest H' values were observed. The dry weight of aerial part of plants showed the lowest H' value（H'=1.59）. The plant traits of G. rigescens Franch. which was from different geographical regions were significant differences（P<0.05）. Notably， the root yield traits value of G. rigescens Franch. from southern Yunnan was significantly higher than those in other distribution areas（P<0.05）. Based on the comprehensive evaluation value（D value）of phenotypes， the D value of 477 G. rigescens Franch. ranged from 0.50 to 2.45. The individuals collected from western and northwestern Yunnan（D=1.17±0.03）and southern Yunnan（D=1.19±0.37）had higher comprehensive evaluation value. Meanwhile， the D value of the individuals collected from central Yunnan（D=1.00±0.30）and southeastern Yunnan（D=1.00±0.32） were lower. The Yunxian population had the highest comprehensive evaluation value of plant（D=1.24±0.14）， and small differences in traits among individuals within the population（CV=11.02%）. It suggested that individuals of Yunxian population were excellent provenances. Through the analysis of PLS-R and PLS-DA， it was found that root fresh weight， root dry weight， dry weight of plant， branch number， fiber number， dry weight of aerial part， stem diameter and leaf length（VIP>1.00）were the key traits for the discrimination of good and bad provenances. And the environmental factors such as soil properties， precipitation during plant growing period and average temperature in the driest season were closely related to the high yield traits of G. rigescens Franch.（VIP>1.00）. The higher content of sandy and the lower content of clay in soil， drought and high temperature might lead to reduce of root fresh weight， dry weight and root number. The higher precipitation in April， May and November was observed with positive effects at root-relates traits.
2023, 24(3):680-691.
DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20221104001
Abstract:
Paphiopedilum species are known as unique flower shape， gorgeous color， long ornamental period and have great ornamental and economic value. The classification of the genus is controversial. The diversity and correlation analysis of 27 phenotypic traits were carried out by investigating 29 species of Paphiopedilum， and cluster analysis was carried out based on the principal components of phenotypic traits. The results showed that the phenotypic traits of Paphiopedilum were rich in diversity. The variation range of genetic diversity index （H′） of 17 quantitative characters was 0.7834-2.0318. Among them， the strong variation characters with genetic diversity index greater than 2.0 were flower length and flower width， the weak variation character with genetic diversity index less than 1.0 was flower number， and the variation range of genetic diversity index of 10 quality characters was 0.5098-1.1241. The diversity indexes of petal shape and Lip main color were the highest， both exceeding 1.0， and the smallest were staminode bottom concave and anther type，from the results of diversity analysis， it can be seen that 29 species of Paphiopedilum have large differences in phenotypic traits among species， with rich diversity. The coefficients of variation （CV） of 17 quantitative traits ranged 18.22%-59.09%， the petal length/petal width and peduncle length exceeded 50%， the results showed that the interspecific phenotypic characters of Paphiopedilum palustratum were dispersed greatly.Correlation analysis showed that the phenotypic characters of Paphiopedilum were closely related and complex. Five principal components with eigenvalues greater than 1 were selected by principal component analysis， and the cumulative contribution rate was 84.176%， which could reflect most of the information of the phenotypic characters of Paphiopedilum， and the characters and indexes of flower organs had a great impact on the phenotypic diversity. Cluster analysis showed that 29 species of Paphiopedilum were divided into 6 groups， which was similar to other classification methods， but there were also some differences.
Paphiopedilum species are known as unique flower shape， gorgeous color， long ornamental period and have great ornamental and economic value. The classification of the genus is controversial. The diversity and correlation analysis of 27 phenotypic traits were carried out by investigating 29 species of Paphiopedilum， and cluster analysis was carried out based on the principal components of phenotypic traits. The results showed that the phenotypic traits of Paphiopedilum were rich in diversity. The variation range of genetic diversity index （H′） of 17 quantitative characters was 0.7834-2.0318. Among them， the strong variation characters with genetic diversity index greater than 2.0 were flower length and flower width， the weak variation character with genetic diversity index less than 1.0 was flower number， and the variation range of genetic diversity index of 10 quality characters was 0.5098-1.1241. The diversity indexes of petal shape and Lip main color were the highest， both exceeding 1.0， and the smallest were staminode bottom concave and anther type，from the results of diversity analysis， it can be seen that 29 species of Paphiopedilum have large differences in phenotypic traits among species， with rich diversity. The coefficients of variation （CV） of 17 quantitative traits ranged 18.22%-59.09%， the petal length/petal width and peduncle length exceeded 50%， the results showed that the interspecific phenotypic characters of Paphiopedilum palustratum were dispersed greatly.Correlation analysis showed that the phenotypic characters of Paphiopedilum were closely related and complex. Five principal components with eigenvalues greater than 1 were selected by principal component analysis， and the cumulative contribution rate was 84.176%， which could reflect most of the information of the phenotypic characters of Paphiopedilum， and the characters and indexes of flower organs had a great impact on the phenotypic diversity. Cluster analysis showed that 29 species of Paphiopedilum were divided into 6 groups， which was similar to other classification methods， but there were also some differences.
NING Gong-wei
,
YANG Sheng-mei
,
SONG Wei-xi
,
LI You-yong
,
TANG Yi-chun
,
ZHAO Hong-yan
,
LIU Ben-ying
2023, 24(3):587-598.
DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20221026002
Abstract:
Tea［Camellia sinensis （L.） O.Kuntze］germplasms are strategic resources ensuring the high quality development of tea industry， and raw materials enabling the original innovation in tea science and technology， breeding and development of new products with special characteristics.Studies on tea germplasms are of great value and significance considering the relevance on the innovation and sustainability of tea seed industry.Yunnan lies in the Southwest China，the long history of tea growing and the unique climate and geographical conditions of low latitude plateau have bred rich tea germplasm resources， a large number of wild and cultivated ancient tea plants are extensively distributed in Yunnan province， which is the origin center of tea plant in the world and the province with the largest species， quantity and distribution of tea group plant，after 60 years of research， with the hard work of scientific and technological workers and the active support of relevant departments， Yunnan tea germplasm resources have achieved fruitful results in the investigation and collection， conservation and cataloguing， identification and evaluation， and innovative utilization， and a series of significant progress has been made.This paper systematically expouned the main progress and existing problems of Yunnan tea germplasm resources research in the past 60 years，meanwhile，the future development direction of tea germplasm resources was discussed and prospected， which provided a reference for the research on tea germplasm resources.
Tea［Camellia sinensis （L.） O.Kuntze］germplasms are strategic resources ensuring the high quality development of tea industry， and raw materials enabling the original innovation in tea science and technology， breeding and development of new products with special characteristics.Studies on tea germplasms are of great value and significance considering the relevance on the innovation and sustainability of tea seed industry.Yunnan lies in the Southwest China，the long history of tea growing and the unique climate and geographical conditions of low latitude plateau have bred rich tea germplasm resources， a large number of wild and cultivated ancient tea plants are extensively distributed in Yunnan province， which is the origin center of tea plant in the world and the province with the largest species， quantity and distribution of tea group plant，after 60 years of research， with the hard work of scientific and technological workers and the active support of relevant departments， Yunnan tea germplasm resources have achieved fruitful results in the investigation and collection， conservation and cataloguing， identification and evaluation， and innovative utilization， and a series of significant progress has been made.This paper systematically expouned the main progress and existing problems of Yunnan tea germplasm resources research in the past 60 years，meanwhile，the future development direction of tea germplasm resources was discussed and prospected， which provided a reference for the research on tea germplasm resources.
FAN Jing-sheng
,
XIE He-xia
,
XIE Xiao-dong
,
ZHOU Hai-yu
,
CHENG Wei-dong
,
QIN Lan-qiu
,
JIANG Yu-feng
2023, 24(3):661-670.
DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20221031002
Abstract:
In order to dissect elite waxy maize germplasm resources from landraces in maize breeding， the genetic diversity 207 Guangxi waxy maize landraces and 6 reference waxy inbred lines was analyzed by genome-wide scanning based on 10K SNP markers. The results showed that the overall genetic diversity of this population was relatively high， with an average expected heterozygosity （He） of 0.31， observed heterozygosity （Ho） of 0.23， and an average polymorphic information content （PIC） of 0.25. The genetic diversity in central Guangxi was the highest （He=0.32， Ho=0.24， MAF=0.24， PIC=0.26） at the population level. These landraces were divided into four major groups by population structure analysis. A correlation on the genetic relationship between populations and the geographical originations of landraces was not observed. In general， the genetic similarity coefficient among Guangxi waxy maize landraces is low， thus suggesting abundant the genetic diversity. Analysis of variance for molecular variation （AMOVA） showed that 99% of the genetic variation is contributed by the intra-population diversity. The genetic differentiation coefficient （FST） between groups was 0.008，indicating a low-level differentiation among groups. In summary， the present study unlocked the genetic diversity and relationship of waxy maize landraces in different regions of Guangxi， and provided a theoretical guidance for waxy maize germplasm improvement and breeding of new varieties in Guangxi.
In order to dissect elite waxy maize germplasm resources from landraces in maize breeding， the genetic diversity 207 Guangxi waxy maize landraces and 6 reference waxy inbred lines was analyzed by genome-wide scanning based on 10K SNP markers. The results showed that the overall genetic diversity of this population was relatively high， with an average expected heterozygosity （He） of 0.31， observed heterozygosity （Ho） of 0.23， and an average polymorphic information content （PIC） of 0.25. The genetic diversity in central Guangxi was the highest （He=0.32， Ho=0.24， MAF=0.24， PIC=0.26） at the population level. These landraces were divided into four major groups by population structure analysis. A correlation on the genetic relationship between populations and the geographical originations of landraces was not observed. In general， the genetic similarity coefficient among Guangxi waxy maize landraces is low， thus suggesting abundant the genetic diversity. Analysis of variance for molecular variation （AMOVA） showed that 99% of the genetic variation is contributed by the intra-population diversity. The genetic differentiation coefficient （FST） between groups was 0.008，indicating a low-level differentiation among groups. In summary， the present study unlocked the genetic diversity and relationship of waxy maize landraces in different regions of Guangxi， and provided a theoretical guidance for waxy maize germplasm improvement and breeding of new varieties in Guangxi.
2023, 24(3):671-679.
DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20221010001
Abstract:
Coordinating with the Third National Survey and Collection Action on Crop Germplasm Resources， we collected 110 peanut landraces in Guangdong province， P.R. China. Fourteen phenotypic traits in the collection were recorded， followed by diversity analysis， correlation analysis， principal component analysis and cluster analysis. The results showed that the coefficient of variation at 14 phenotypic traits ranged from 5.18% （crude fat content） to 37.34% （pod number per plant）. By correlation analysis， the pod number per plant was significantly negatively correlated with main stem height， and extremely significantly positively correlated with branch number. Fourteen phenotypic traits were classified into six principal components by principal component analysis， with a cumulative contribution rate of 71.074%， which can represent a large proportion of the phenotypic variation. 110 peanut landraces were divided into four groups by cluster analysis when applying the euclidean distance of 15， which had the characteristics of high crude fat， high linoleic acid， high yield， high resistance to rust and leaf spot respectively. This study provides a reference for the utilization of newly collected peanut germplasm resources.
Coordinating with the Third National Survey and Collection Action on Crop Germplasm Resources， we collected 110 peanut landraces in Guangdong province， P.R. China. Fourteen phenotypic traits in the collection were recorded， followed by diversity analysis， correlation analysis， principal component analysis and cluster analysis. The results showed that the coefficient of variation at 14 phenotypic traits ranged from 5.18% （crude fat content） to 37.34% （pod number per plant）. By correlation analysis， the pod number per plant was significantly negatively correlated with main stem height， and extremely significantly positively correlated with branch number. Fourteen phenotypic traits were classified into six principal components by principal component analysis， with a cumulative contribution rate of 71.074%， which can represent a large proportion of the phenotypic variation. 110 peanut landraces were divided into four groups by cluster analysis when applying the euclidean distance of 15， which had the characteristics of high crude fat， high linoleic acid， high yield， high resistance to rust and leaf spot respectively. This study provides a reference for the utilization of newly collected peanut germplasm resources.
2023, 24(5):1311-1320.
DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20230301002
Abstract:
In order to improve the utilization efficiency of naked barley germplasm resources in China， 398 accessions of naked barley from different regions were used to analyze the phenotypic diversity at 18 traits， followed by the analysis of coefficient of variation analysis， diversity index analysis， correlation analysis， principal component analysis and cluster analysis. The results revealed abundant variations among phenotypic traits in different resources. The diversity index of the nine quality traits was 0.66 to 2.06， with an average value of 1.42， and the highest value in plant height， kernels per spike and the smallest value in kernel rows. The traits had 4.71% （kernel color） to 61.03% （heading date） of the coefficient of variation， with an average value of 26.59%. The correlation analysis of nine quantitative traits indicated that spikes per plant， spike length， kernels per spike， thousand kernels weight and setting rate could be deployed as the main target traits for high yield naked barley varieties breeding in the future. The results of principal component analysis showed that the cumulative contribution rate of the five principal component factors was 64.297%. Among them， heading date， plant height， row type and thousand kernels weight were the main factors contributing to the phenotypic differences of naked barley. Combined with the membership function analysis， the comprehensive scores （F value） were calculated. Jiangsuyuanmai No. 33， VII-131， Yumimai， Jiangsu yuan mai No. 58， Jianhutuanliulengzi， Daimaoyuanmai， Jiangsuyuanmai No. 65， Jiangsuyuanmai No. 23， Jiangsuyuanmai No. 20 and Jiangsuyuanmai No. 22 had the highest scores. These materials were divided into four groups by systematic clustering analysis and the clustering results were not strongly correlated with geographic location. These results could provide an important reference for the utilization of naked barley accessions and variety breeding.
In order to improve the utilization efficiency of naked barley germplasm resources in China， 398 accessions of naked barley from different regions were used to analyze the phenotypic diversity at 18 traits， followed by the analysis of coefficient of variation analysis， diversity index analysis， correlation analysis， principal component analysis and cluster analysis. The results revealed abundant variations among phenotypic traits in different resources. The diversity index of the nine quality traits was 0.66 to 2.06， with an average value of 1.42， and the highest value in plant height， kernels per spike and the smallest value in kernel rows. The traits had 4.71% （kernel color） to 61.03% （heading date） of the coefficient of variation， with an average value of 26.59%. The correlation analysis of nine quantitative traits indicated that spikes per plant， spike length， kernels per spike， thousand kernels weight and setting rate could be deployed as the main target traits for high yield naked barley varieties breeding in the future. The results of principal component analysis showed that the cumulative contribution rate of the five principal component factors was 64.297%. Among them， heading date， plant height， row type and thousand kernels weight were the main factors contributing to the phenotypic differences of naked barley. Combined with the membership function analysis， the comprehensive scores （F value） were calculated. Jiangsuyuanmai No. 33， VII-131， Yumimai， Jiangsu yuan mai No. 58， Jianhutuanliulengzi， Daimaoyuanmai， Jiangsuyuanmai No. 65， Jiangsuyuanmai No. 23， Jiangsuyuanmai No. 20 and Jiangsuyuanmai No. 22 had the highest scores. These materials were divided into four groups by systematic clustering analysis and the clustering results were not strongly correlated with geographic location. These results could provide an important reference for the utilization of naked barley accessions and variety breeding.
2023, 24(1):61-74.
DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20220725002
Abstract:
Rice is one of the most important crops worldwide. In recent years， with the improvement of life quality， people have paid more attention to the taste of rice. Endosperm is the main component of rice grain， which provides energy for seed germination and embryo development. Starch accounts for about 80% in rice grain. Unlocking the molecular mechanism of starch synthesis becomes of theoretical significance and application value in improving rice quality. Although the general pathway of starch synthesis has been relatively illustrated， this process is still complicated considering the genetic and environmental interaction under field conditions. Due to the difficulty of phenotypic identification， it is hard to genetically map and isolate the genes/QTL affecting rice quality. Mutants defected in starch synthesis obtained by physical and chemical mutagenesis were mostly controlled by single nuclear gene mutation and usually showed floury endosperm due to changes of starch grains morphology or loosely packed starch filling in rice. The mutated genes could be cloned by population construction using homozygote obtained through generational breeding. In recent years， scientists have basically cloned many genes participating in multiple biological processes using these mutants， perfected the regulation pathway of starch synthesis. This paper summarizes these starch synthesis related mutants isolated in recent years， and discusses different metabolic pathways involving in starch synthesis， which expects to provide reference for rice breeding and quality improvement.
Rice is one of the most important crops worldwide. In recent years， with the improvement of life quality， people have paid more attention to the taste of rice. Endosperm is the main component of rice grain， which provides energy for seed germination and embryo development. Starch accounts for about 80% in rice grain. Unlocking the molecular mechanism of starch synthesis becomes of theoretical significance and application value in improving rice quality. Although the general pathway of starch synthesis has been relatively illustrated， this process is still complicated considering the genetic and environmental interaction under field conditions. Due to the difficulty of phenotypic identification， it is hard to genetically map and isolate the genes/QTL affecting rice quality. Mutants defected in starch synthesis obtained by physical and chemical mutagenesis were mostly controlled by single nuclear gene mutation and usually showed floury endosperm due to changes of starch grains morphology or loosely packed starch filling in rice. The mutated genes could be cloned by population construction using homozygote obtained through generational breeding. In recent years， scientists have basically cloned many genes participating in multiple biological processes using these mutants， perfected the regulation pathway of starch synthesis. This paper summarizes these starch synthesis related mutants isolated in recent years， and discusses different metabolic pathways involving in starch synthesis， which expects to provide reference for rice breeding and quality improvement.
CHENG Shu-wei
,
WANG Hui
,
ZHAO Xin-yu
,
YU Xiao-ning
,
GAO Qi-yu
,
SONG Wei-fu
,
YANG Xue-feng
,
SONG Qing-jie
,
DING Jia-rui
,
ZHANG Hui-xin
,
ZHANG Yan-ming
2023, 24(1):86-101.
DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20220630002
Abstract:
Thinopyrum á. L?ve， is one of the more widely used wild resources in the genus Triticum L.， and an important donor source in wheat genetic improvement and germplasm innovation. The creation of Trititrigia Tzvelev began in the 1920s， which refered to the introgression of chromosome or genome genetic components of Thinopyrum á. L?ve into common wheat through distant hybridization， including Trititrigia Tzvelev （partial） amphidiploid， alien addition line， alien substitution line， translocation line and introgression line. The Trititrigia Tzvelev amphidiploid （partial） were mainly octaploid Trititrigia Tzvelev （AABBDDXX， 2n=8x=56） and hexaploid Trititrigia Tzvelev （AABBXX，2n=6x=42）. Most of the chromosomes （XX） from Thinopyrum á. L?ve were mixed chromosomes （heterologous chromosomes）. Since the 1950s， the distant hybridization between wheat and Thinopyrum á. L?ve has been developed in China， which was outstanding in the research of wheat disease resistance and the creation of new germplasm， on the basis of which a series of high yield and good quality wheat varieties have been cultivated. During the creation of Trititrigia Tzvelev， Thinopyrum intermedium （Host） Barkworth & D. R. Dewey and three species of Thinopyrum elongatum （Host） D. R. Dewey × ponticum （Podp.） Barkworth & D. R. Dewey） had the characteristics of cold resistance， drought resistance， saline-alkali resistance and resistance to a variety of wheat diseases and insect pests， so they have become the main parent sources of Trititrigia Tzvelev and had the widest range of application. This paper summarized the research progress of the creation and application of Trititrigia Tzvelev from five parts， in order to provide scientific basis for the research and utilization of Trititrigia Tzvelev and the innovation of wheat genetic resources.
Thinopyrum á. L?ve， is one of the more widely used wild resources in the genus Triticum L.， and an important donor source in wheat genetic improvement and germplasm innovation. The creation of Trititrigia Tzvelev began in the 1920s， which refered to the introgression of chromosome or genome genetic components of Thinopyrum á. L?ve into common wheat through distant hybridization， including Trititrigia Tzvelev （partial） amphidiploid， alien addition line， alien substitution line， translocation line and introgression line. The Trititrigia Tzvelev amphidiploid （partial） were mainly octaploid Trititrigia Tzvelev （AABBDDXX， 2n=8x=56） and hexaploid Trititrigia Tzvelev （AABBXX，2n=6x=42）. Most of the chromosomes （XX） from Thinopyrum á. L?ve were mixed chromosomes （heterologous chromosomes）. Since the 1950s， the distant hybridization between wheat and Thinopyrum á. L?ve has been developed in China， which was outstanding in the research of wheat disease resistance and the creation of new germplasm， on the basis of which a series of high yield and good quality wheat varieties have been cultivated. During the creation of Trititrigia Tzvelev， Thinopyrum intermedium （Host） Barkworth & D. R. Dewey and three species of Thinopyrum elongatum （Host） D. R. Dewey × ponticum （Podp.） Barkworth & D. R. Dewey） had the characteristics of cold resistance， drought resistance， saline-alkali resistance and resistance to a variety of wheat diseases and insect pests， so they have become the main parent sources of Trititrigia Tzvelev and had the widest range of application. This paper summarized the research progress of the creation and application of Trititrigia Tzvelev from five parts， in order to provide scientific basis for the research and utilization of Trititrigia Tzvelev and the innovation of wheat genetic resources.
2023, 24(2):532-549.
DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20220806001
Abstract:
Grape is one of the most widely cultivated fruit trees in the world and is rich in germplasm resources.Germplasm resource nurseries have been collecting and preserving germplasm resources for a long time， accumulating resources such as wild species， local varieties， breeding varieties， breeding materials， rare resources and closely related plants， etc. However， the traditional germplasm resources information based hand-writing or printing is un-friendly on information management， acquisition and communication. Taking advantage of the development of internet technology， online germplasm databases becomes easily accessible in information sharing， trait evaluation， germplasm conservation and utilization. There are many grape-related databases worldwide， which not only provide data information to decision-making departments， variety certification institutions， management personnel， scientific research and teaching units， but also serve germplasm resources and biotechnology researchers， seed bank management， seed introduction and investigation personnel， agricultural technology extension personnel， farmers， students， and seed， feed， wine and other enterprises. In this article， we focused on four databases （The European Vitis Database； Genesys PGR， the International Research Institute for Tropical Agriculture； GRIN， the US Department of Agriculture； China Germplasm Resources Information System） to analyze the datasets of origin， species， fruit color， application， aroma and botanical characteristics of Germplasm. We would like to provide insights on promoting innovative germplasm technology research and development， as well as improving the sharing efficiency of germplasm resources， which has implication for the efficient use of online database and the future construction of Chinese database.
Grape is one of the most widely cultivated fruit trees in the world and is rich in germplasm resources.Germplasm resource nurseries have been collecting and preserving germplasm resources for a long time， accumulating resources such as wild species， local varieties， breeding varieties， breeding materials， rare resources and closely related plants， etc. However， the traditional germplasm resources information based hand-writing or printing is un-friendly on information management， acquisition and communication. Taking advantage of the development of internet technology， online germplasm databases becomes easily accessible in information sharing， trait evaluation， germplasm conservation and utilization. There are many grape-related databases worldwide， which not only provide data information to decision-making departments， variety certification institutions， management personnel， scientific research and teaching units， but also serve germplasm resources and biotechnology researchers， seed bank management， seed introduction and investigation personnel， agricultural technology extension personnel， farmers， students， and seed， feed， wine and other enterprises. In this article， we focused on four databases （The European Vitis Database； Genesys PGR， the International Research Institute for Tropical Agriculture； GRIN， the US Department of Agriculture； China Germplasm Resources Information System） to analyze the datasets of origin， species， fruit color， application， aroma and botanical characteristics of Germplasm. We would like to provide insights on promoting innovative germplasm technology research and development， as well as improving the sharing efficiency of germplasm resources， which has implication for the efficient use of online database and the future construction of Chinese database.
2023, 24(2):325-331.
DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20220914002
Abstract:
Rice （Oryza sativa L.） is one of the most important food crops in the world， low temperature destabilizes the growth and development of rice， and causes lower yield or harvestless in worse cases， has becoming one of the major environmental stresses that decrease rice yield and quality. The use of agricultural protection technologies to reduce cold damage were not only time-consuming and laborious， but also ineffective. Therefore， the cultivation of rice varieties showing cold tolerance in practice is the optimal way to solve this problem. In breeding of cold-tolerant varieties， precise identification and evaluation of cold tolerance rice in conjugation with the exploitation and utilization of important cold-tolerant genes become of significance. In recent years，several cold tolerant QTLs or genes had been identified by map-based cloning， GWAS and QTL analysis，and their functional mechanisms have been investigated. This article reviews the cold resistance of rice， from the aspects of identification methods and periods， evaluation systems and the molecular research basis， and suggested that different evaluation systems should be used to evaluate the cold tolerance of rice at different growth stages. At the same time， it is proposed to pyramid important cold tolerance genes/QTLs in excellent rice germplasm resources for further innovative utilization， which could provide reference for exploring the mechanism of cold tolerance and breeding new varieties of cold tolerance in rice.
Rice （Oryza sativa L.） is one of the most important food crops in the world， low temperature destabilizes the growth and development of rice， and causes lower yield or harvestless in worse cases， has becoming one of the major environmental stresses that decrease rice yield and quality. The use of agricultural protection technologies to reduce cold damage were not only time-consuming and laborious， but also ineffective. Therefore， the cultivation of rice varieties showing cold tolerance in practice is the optimal way to solve this problem. In breeding of cold-tolerant varieties， precise identification and evaluation of cold tolerance rice in conjugation with the exploitation and utilization of important cold-tolerant genes become of significance. In recent years，several cold tolerant QTLs or genes had been identified by map-based cloning， GWAS and QTL analysis，and their functional mechanisms have been investigated. This article reviews the cold resistance of rice， from the aspects of identification methods and periods， evaluation systems and the molecular research basis， and suggested that different evaluation systems should be used to evaluate the cold tolerance of rice at different growth stages. At the same time， it is proposed to pyramid important cold tolerance genes/QTLs in excellent rice germplasm resources for further innovative utilization， which could provide reference for exploring the mechanism of cold tolerance and breeding new varieties of cold tolerance in rice.
DENG Wei
,
LYU Ying
,
DONG Yang-jun
,
XU Yu-ran
,
YANG Hua-tao
,
Zhang Jin-wen
,
ZHANG Jian-hua
,
KUI Li-mei
,
TU Jian
,
XIANG Han-zhang
,
GUAN Jun-jiao
,
DONG Wei
,
GU An-yu
,
AN Hua
,
YANG Li-ping
,
ZHANG Xiao
,
LI Xiao-lin
2023, 24(3):624-635.
DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20221014002
Abstract:
The genetic diversity analysis of 135 rice germplasm resources collected from different altitudes in Yunnan province， P.R. China， were genotyped by using the gene chip GSR40K. The rice germplasm resources at different altitudes were found with rich genetic diversity， and they were divided into five subgroups： indica， partial indica， intermediate， japonica and partial japonica. Eighty-two genes with expected breeding value were genotyped by haplotype markers and functional markers. All accessions were found with the genes related to the grain shattering. Nearly 70% of rice varieties were detected with rice blast resistant genes， whereas only a small proportion of accessions containing insect resistance and fragrance genes were identified. The accessions in this collection were divided into seven subgroups by cluster analysis and principal component analysis. The differentiation of each marker site among the 7 subgroups was evaluated by the Gst value of genetic differentiation index， indicating that there was high genetic differentiation among the 7 subgroups. Moreover， at least 0.09% of the genomic segments in this collection are completely different， and only 0.08% are frequently communicated and fixed， suggesting an extremely low frequency of gene exchange between different subpopulations. Based on the difference of altitude among subpopulations， the differential genomic regions among populations were proposed associating with altitude adaptability. Collectively， these results provided scientific basis for effective protection and efficient utilization of rice resources in rice breeding.
The genetic diversity analysis of 135 rice germplasm resources collected from different altitudes in Yunnan province， P.R. China， were genotyped by using the gene chip GSR40K. The rice germplasm resources at different altitudes were found with rich genetic diversity， and they were divided into five subgroups： indica， partial indica， intermediate， japonica and partial japonica. Eighty-two genes with expected breeding value were genotyped by haplotype markers and functional markers. All accessions were found with the genes related to the grain shattering. Nearly 70% of rice varieties were detected with rice blast resistant genes， whereas only a small proportion of accessions containing insect resistance and fragrance genes were identified. The accessions in this collection were divided into seven subgroups by cluster analysis and principal component analysis. The differentiation of each marker site among the 7 subgroups was evaluated by the Gst value of genetic differentiation index， indicating that there was high genetic differentiation among the 7 subgroups. Moreover， at least 0.09% of the genomic segments in this collection are completely different， and only 0.08% are frequently communicated and fixed， suggesting an extremely low frequency of gene exchange between different subpopulations. Based on the difference of altitude among subpopulations， the differential genomic regions among populations were proposed associating with altitude adaptability. Collectively， these results provided scientific basis for effective protection and efficient utilization of rice resources in rice breeding.
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